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Class 10th Elective History Chapter 7 The Non-Aligned Movement
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The Non-Aligned Movement
TEXTUAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Very Short Answer Type Questions:
1. In which year did the Bolshevik Revolution break out?
Ans. The Bolshevik Revolution broke out in the year 1917.
2. In which year was the Bandung Conference held?
Ans. The Bandung Conference was held in 1955.
3. In which year did the North Atlantic Treaty OrganizatioN originate?
Ans. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization originated on 4 April 1949.
4. In which year did the Warsaw Pact originate?
Ans. The Warsaw Pact originated on 4 May 1955.
5. In which year did the Soviet Russia develop and test the nuclear bomb?
Ans. The Soviet Russia developed and tested the nuclear bomb in 1949.
6. In which year did communist regime come into being in China?
Ans. The communist regime came into being in China in 1949.
7. In which year did communist regime come into being in Cuba?
Ans. The communist regime came into being in Cuba in1959.
8. In which year did the United States of America develop the hydrogen bomb?
Ans. The United States of America developed the hydrogen bomb in 1952.
9. How many States of Asia and Africa met at the Bandung Conference?
Ans. 23 Asian countries and 6 African nations met at the Bandung Conference.
10. What was the name of the Indian Prime Minister present in the Bandung Conference?
Ans. The Indian Prime Minister present in the Bandung Conference was Pt Jawaharlal Nehru.
11. In which year was held a summit meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement in India?
Ans. The summit meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement was held in India in 1983.
12. In which place of India was held the summit meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement?
Ans. In India, the summit meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement was held in New Delhi.
13. In which year was held the first meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement?
Ans. The first meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement was held in 1961.
14. In which country was held the first summit meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement?
Ans. The first summit meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement was held in Belgrade, the capital of erstwhile Yugoslavia.
WRITE SHORT NOTES ON
1. Beginning of the Cold War.
Ans: Beginning of the Cold War: The intense ideological conflict that existed between the western power bloc led by the United States of America and the communist power bloc led by Soviet Union came to be known as the Cold War. The real beginning of the Cold War seems to be the October Revolution which took place in Russia, in 1917. Immediately after the Revolution in Russia, foreign military intervention under the leadership of the Great Britain took place against the newly established socialist state of Russia. Since then the ideological clash and political conflict between the two systems became part and parcel of world politics. The western bloc headed by America tried their might to prevent the spread of communism to the other parts of the world while Russia under the banner of Comintern tried to woo many countries to her fold. In this endeavour, both the camps used foul and fair means to put down the power and expansion of the other. The Cold War situation in the world became quite prominent after the conclusion of the Second World War in 1945. Both the camps tried to bring maximum number of countries under their respective camps heightening, in the process, the international tension and conflict in the world.
2. Super powers.
Ans: Super powers: The term ‘super powers’ refers to America and the Soviet Union. Although many countries such as England, Germany, France, Japan, China, etc. had achieved considerable success in their economic, political, social, military and technological sectors, yet none of these countries could reach the level of the development and advancement as those of America and Soviet Union. Soon after the Second World War, American industry made rapid progress as America became the source of all material and financial support for the devastated countries of the Europe. She was least affected by the devastation caused by the war. The immense success of the Five Year Plans made Russia abundant in wealth and this helped her to acquire immense military power. Until 1949, only America possessed the nuclear power but with the development of nuclear weapon by Russia in 1949, she too became a major power. Thus, the term ‘Super Power’ refers to the tremendous economic and military power achieved by America and Soviet Union during the post-Second World War period. Therefore, these two countries organized a military group under them to exert their power and influence over international politics and relationships. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) formed on 4 May 1949 was practically led by the USA while the Warsaw Pact formed on 14 May 1955 was headed by the Soviet Union.
3. Harry S. Truman.
Ans: Harry S. Truman: Harry S. Truman is one of the most remembered Presidents of the United States of America. Three important aspects made him an important personality in the history of America and of the whole world. It was Harry S. Truman who ordered the dropping of the atom bombs over Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 and 9 August 1945 respectively. The main objective of this act of the President was to end the Second World War in the Pacific Ocean region quickly before the Soviet Union could take control of many of the freed countries of the region. Secondly, the reign of Harry S. Truman is important because of his anti-communist trend. He was a strong anti-communist leader who tried to prevent the spread of communism in different parts of the world. He proposed full American support to those countries that were threatened by communism. This viewpoint came to be known as the ‘Truman Doctrine. Thus, his period of American presidency is considered to be a period of high level of cold war between the two power blocs. Therefore, his failure in getting elected a second time as President also lessened the Cold War situation in the world.
4. North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
Ans: North Atlantic Treaty Organization: The post-Second World War period in world history is marked by a feature known as the Cold War. The western bloc led by the United States of America was afraid of the military might of USSR and her allies. Therefore, America took the initiative in forming a military pact named the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) on 4 April 1949 which mainly consisted of the capitalist countries of Europe. The members of this military bloc were the United States of America, Britain, France, Belgium, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Greece and Turkey. West Germany joined this pact in May, 1955. The purpose of the pact was to provide mutual military help and cooperation among the capitalist countries and collective protection of the region from military attack of the communist bloc led by the Soviet Union. The creation of this pact led to the heightening of the Cold War situation in the world.
5. Warsaw Pact.
Ans. Warsaw Pact: The formation of a military pact named the North Atlantic Organisation (NATO) in April 1949 by the western countries led by the United States of America gave sleepless nights to the Soviet Union. She felt threatened by the collective military cooperation among the western countries. The inclusion of West Germany into this pact in May 1955, forced the Soviet Union to form a similar pact among the communist countries under her control. This resulted in the formation of a military pact named the Warsaw Pact on 14 May 1955. The members of this pact were the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Rumania and Yugoslavia. The main purpose of this pact was to offer collective military protection of the members from the military attack of the capitalist countries. The creation of NATO and Warsaw Pact further added fire to the existing Cold War between the two power blocs.
ESSAY TYPE QUESTIONS ANSWER
1. Narrate briefly the historical background for the emergence of the Non-Aligned Movement.
Ans. The movement which stressed the policy of keeping away from any of the two power blocs of the world and of following an independent foreign policy is known as the Non-Aligned Movement. The Non-Aligned Movement was started in 1961 under the leadership of Pt Jawaharlal Nehru of India, President Sukarno of Indonesia, President Nasser of Egypt and Marshal Tito of Yugoslavia.
Several developments and factors prepared the ground for the emergence of Non-Aligned Movement in the world:
(i) Decline of the old powers: Before the First World War, the major powers of the world were Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, England and Japan. But after the First World War, Germany and Austria-Hungary got wiped out. Even the existing major powers such as England, France and Russia became weak-economically and politically. There was a change in the balance of power. Though England and France became victorious in the war, their power and prestige suffered greatly.
(ii) Emergence of Russia: The October Revolution of 1917 which took place in Russia, made her a rising power. During the post-First World War period, Russia began to rise up a major power in every respect. Her international position considerably improved. She became a role model for many of the suffering colonies and subjugated nations. She became the epicentre of communism and welcomed other nations into her fold.
(iii) Emergence of the USA: The greatest beneficiary of the First World War was the United States of America. She was least affected by the destruction caused by the First World War. She, therefore, became the source of financial and material support for the rest of the world. With her immense and economic resources, she began to support and control the affairs of the European world. Gradually, America emerged as the leader of the capitalist world while Russia rose up as the leader of the socialist camp.
(iv) Emergence of Japan: The rise and growth of Japan in the Far East as a great power in world politics was helped by the First World War. Japan emerged as one of the great powers in the region of the Pacific Ocean. Hence, the country became an inevitable rival, mainly of the United States of America. During the post-First World War period, she conquered many parts of Asia, including China, Manchuria, Korea, etc. Her rising power was a challenge to America which wanted to control the region.
(v) Emergence of super powers: The break-out of the Second World War in 1939, once again tilted the international balance of power. After the war, America and the Soviet Union emerged as the ‘super powers’. They determined the policies of the world and the other countries like England, France, etc. were forced to follow their dictates. The United States of America having developed atom bomb became the only nuclear power in the world at the time of the Second World War. Besides demonstrating her military power and strength through her attack on Hiroshima and Nagasaki with the atom bombs, she alarmed and terrorized other nations forcing many of the newly independent nations to opt for a neutral foreign policy. This resulted in the starting of the Non-Aligned Movement in 1961.
2. What is called the Cold War’? When did it come to an end?
Ans. The international political scene during the post-Second World War period is marked by what is known as the Cold War. Almost all the major events and developments that took part in different parts of the world since 1945 were in one way or other, the offshoot of this international ideological warfare between the two power blocs led by the USA and the USSR.
The expression ‘Cold War’ was first introduced by Walter Lippman. Walter introduced this expression in the context of explaining the day-to-day happenings in world politics of the post-Second World War period. He developed this expression while discussing the nature of the bilateral relations between the United States of America and Soviet Russia after the Second World War. However, some people think that the term was introduced by an American named Bernard Mannes Baruch. The term ‘Cold War’ refers to a state of intense ideological competition in politics, economy, military, etc. that existed between the USA and the Soviet Union after the Second World War. Therefore, Cold War can be defined as “a state of intense competition- political, economic and ideological which yet falls below the threshold of armed conflict between the capitalist block led by the United States of America and the communist bloc led by the Soviet Union after the Second World War.”
In other words, the state of proxy war that existed between the United States of America and her Allies on one side and Soviet Union and her Allies of the communist bloc on the other side, leading to heightened international tension and crisis came to be known as the Cold War. The Cold War seemed to have begun with the success of the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. The revolution made Russia a communist country and thereafter she got involved in the spread of communism in different parts of the world which threatened the existing supremacy of America. The Cold War became very strong after the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) on 4 April 1949 and continued up to 1991.
End of the Cold War: The Cold War began with the Russian Revolution of 1917 and continued upto 1991. The beginning of Liberation Movement in Soviet Union, introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1990s saw the end of the Cold War. During this period, the tension between the two major power blocs gradually declined and both countries began to work together for the maintenance of international peace and cooperation. America came to accept communism as a way of life and did not take active steps to prevent its spread. They began a policy of tolerance rather opposition. This helped the reduction of tension between the two power blocs.
4. Discuss the aims and objectives of the Non-Aligned Movement.
Ans. The movement which stood for a neutral foreign policy without joining the two military blocs, namely, the western bloc headed by the USA and the eastern bloc led by the Soviet Union is known as the Non-Aligned Movement. The emergence of the Non-Aligned Movement in 1961, is a landmark event of great significance. The event had far reaching consequences. The rise of the Third World countries under the banner of the Non-Aligned Movement totally changed international politics and relationships.
The Cold War situation existing between the two power blocs since 1945 in the world always threatened world peace. Therefore, many of the Third World countries of Asia and Africa did not want to join with any of the two power blocs. They wanted to remain free and independent and wanted to follow an independent foreign policy. This resulted in the starting of the Non-Aligned Movement in 1961. This movement was organized by the four important leaders, viz. Pt Jawaharlal Nehru of India, President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, Marshal Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia and President Ahmed Sukamo of Indonesia. These leaders met at Belgrade in September 1961 and started this movement.
This summit meeting at Belgrade accepted a declaration containing 27 principles.
Some of the major aims and objectives of the Non-Aligned Movement are:
(i) To maintain world peace among the countries.
(ii) Abolition of imperialism from the world.
(iii) The peaceful co-existence among the countries.
(iv) Respect for each other’s integrity and sovereignty.
(v) No military alliances among the countries.
(vi) To enrich the economic relation among the countries.
(vii) Abolition of racial discrimination from the world.
(viii) Complete disarmament for the maintenance of world peace.
(ix) Granting of independence to countries under colonial rule.
(x) Promotion of foreign trade among all the developing countries on the basis of equality and justice.
5. Discuss the role played by India in the emergence of the Non-Aligned Movement.
Ans. The movement among nations by which they do not join with any of the military blocs of the world but rather follow an independent and neutral foreign policy is known as the Non-Aligned Movement. The movement was founded in the year 1961 at Belgrade. The Indian Prime Minister, Pt Jawaharlal Nehru was one of the founding members of this movement along with President Ahmed Sukarno of Indonesia, Marshal Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia and President Gamal Abdul Nasser of Egypt. India has played a significant role in the working of this group and has contributed much for the growth of this movement.
As a founding member of the group, India played an important role in settling many international disputes such as the disputes in Korea, Indo-China, Congo, Cyprus, Middle-East, etc. India has been the champion of suppressed nationalities. It has declared ‘no first use of nuclear weapon’ with Pakistan. India has stood for disarmament and arms control as a means to achieve peace in the world. She has made sincere efforts for the reduction of armaments and destruction of nuclear weapons. In 1956, India put a resolution on disarmament before the General Assembly of the UN. However, she has refused to sign Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) as she finds it discriminative in nature.
India, as a member of the Non-Aligned group, has always opposed imperialism and colonialism. She has persistently championed the cause of people suffering under colonial rule in Asia and South African countries. She has supported the freedom struggle movements in countries such as Ghana, Kenya, Togoland, Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, South Africa, Indo-China, etc. She has condemned the US imperialism in Vietnam and French colonialism in Indo-China. She has opposed Russian aggression in Hungary, of France in Algeria and the British in Cyprus. India has stood with the Palestinians in their struggle for permanent homeland. India has supported all the decisions and actions plans of the Non-Aligned group regarding international issues.
6. Mention the role played by the Non-Aligned Movement in the liquidation of colonialism and imperialism in the world.
Ans. The starting of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) in 1961 is a significant event of the world history. It marked the beginning of a new era of international politics and relationship. The emergence of this group had far-reaching consequence in the world history.
The policy of keeping away from any of the power blocs of the world and of following an independent foreign policy is known as the Non-Alignment. The NAM was started in 1961 under the leadership of Pt Jawaharlal Nehru of India, President Ahmed Sukarno of Indonesia, President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt and Marshal Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia. Today, it is one of the significant forces of the world and exerts tremendous influence in international politics. During the past 40 years of its existence, NAM has played a significant role in the liquidation of colonialism and imperialism. This movement has helped many Third World countries to get independence from the colonial and imperial powers. It is an undeniable fact that as a result of the support given by the NAM, many underdeveloped countries of Africa and Latin America became independent. The Non-Alignment group has played a major role in supporting the freedom struggle movement in many colonies of the world and helped their march to freedom and progress by bringing international attention over the oppression that existed in these colonies.
NAM played a major role in awakening the world about the plight of black South Africans under the white dominated regime. It strongly supported the policies and actions of the African National Congress led by Nelson Mandela. Thus, the NAM helped along with the UNO, in the final liquidation of apartheid from South Africa. The Non-Aligned group has helped the recently become independent countries, in their economic recovery and technological development. The NAM movement always stood for the preservation and expansion of the human rights all over the world. It has helped the UNO to take active steps in ensuring the maintenance of basic human rights all over the world. It has spoken against the deprivation of human rights in countries such as Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Ethiopia, etc. The NAM strongly supported the Palestinians in their attempt to get a land of their own.
7. What do you think about the future of the Non-Aligned Movement? Discuss.
Ans. The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) started in 1961 has been able to render a great service in the maintenance of world peace and international good relationship. This movement came up in the wake of the Cold War situation that had developed between the United States of America leading the capitalist bloc on one side and the Soviet Union leading the socialist bloc. Therefore, there is a view that with the collapse of Soviet Union in the 1990-91, the relevance of the NAM has been over.
Though Soviet Union disintegrated in 1991, there has been no respite in the exploitation of certain countries by the imperialist countries of the world. Many of these countries totally depend on foreign aid for their survival. As a result, these countries have been forced to follow the dictates of the donor countries. Many of the capitalist countries such as the United States of America and Britain continue to exert their might on the poor developing countries or Third World countries bulldozing these countries to do what they want. In this context, the Non-Aligned group has a great role to play. In many countries, the basic human rights have been denied and people continue to live under strict state control. The fundamental rights, equal rights, right to live and right to work in one’s own country, etc. have been denied to thousands of people. A lot of people in different countries today are being uprooted by brute might and on grounds of religion and race. Thousands are made homeless because of racial prejudice and religious difference.
Thousands have been killed in the name of religion. All these call for active intervention of the Non-Aligned group. Even if the Soviet Union’s states system has collapsed, her arsenal still remains intact and the United States of America has not destroyed her arsenal either. The race for armaments has continued as ever. The increasing trend in the allocation of funds in the defence budgets of the rich and developed nations show that world still sits on ready-to-explode dynamite. The presence of Non-Aligned group can certainly reduce arms race and bring about greater disarmament and effectively checkmate the moves of the two power blocs. The disintegration of the Soviet Union did not totally result in the end of the communist regime in the world. Many communist countries such as Cuba, Vietnam, North Korea, China, etc. still survive and they remain the role model for many poor and exploited countries of the world. Millions of people in Latin American countries are still fighting for economic liberation from the US economic imperialism. In this international scenario, the Non-Aligned group can play a significant role in reducing world tension and prevent local tensions from escalating into an international war.
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