Class 12 Sociology Chapter 6 Process of Social Change in India

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Class 12 Sociology Chapter 6 Process of Social Change in India

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Process of Social Change in India

A. VERY SHORT TYPE QUESTION & ANSWER

1. What is modernization?

Ans: Earlier, modernization referred to the improvement that science and technological development brought out to the society. Increasingly, the terms has been used to refer to the path of development that Europe and America has taken. As a sociological concept, it means that people are influenced not just by local, but universal contexts. Modernization often implies the growth of scientific attitude.

2. When did modernization start in India?

Ans: In India, the process of modernization started with the coming of the Britishers to India.

3. What is Urbanization?

Ans: Urbanisation simply means the process of development of towns and cities. With the advent of industrialization the pace of urbanisation is increasing.

4. What is industrialization?

Ans: Industrialization is a process in which production from house level reaches to the level of large scale factories and it starts to come on a large scale.

5. What is meant by Colonialism?

Ans: Colonialism simply means the establishment of rule by one country over another.

6. What is structural change?

Ans: Changes which come in our social relations and social institutions are known as structural change. Changes which occur in family, marriage etc. are also a part of structural change.

7. Mention any two structural changes brought about by Colonialism?

Ans: Industrialization and Urbanization.

8. Who founded Ram Krishna Mission?

Ans: Ram Krishna Paramhonse.

9. Who founded Indian Brahmo Samaj?

Ans: Raja Ram Mohan Roy.

10. Where did Jyotia Phooley open the first school for women? 

Ans: In Pune, Maharashtra.

11. What is Social reform?

Ans: Social reform means the attempt in eradicating various social evils from society and thereby reforming society in peaceful means.

12. Name any three social reformers.

Ans: Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Jyotia Phooley, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan etc. 

13. Who are Dalits?

Ans: The untouchable castes are known as dalits. They were outside the caste hierarchy and were considered to be so ‘impure’ that their mere touch pollutes members of all other castes.

14. Why did Sati system prevail in our Society?

Ans: Sati system prevailed in our society mainly due to ignorance, religious orthodoxy and mis interpretation of Hindu religious texts.

15. Why did caste based movements start before independence? 

Ans: Mainly due to classification of castes as scheduled tribes and scheduled castes by the Britishers as well as conferring previledges to them fueled the growth of caste based movements.

16. What is meant by Sanskritization?

Ans: Sanskritisation can be defined as the process by which, a low caste or tribe takes over the customs, ritual, belief, ideology and style of life of a high and in particular a twice born (dwija) caste.

17. What is Secularization?

Ans: Secularization means process of decline in the influence of religion. The theorists of modernization believes that modern societies have become increasingly secular. Indicators of secularisation are declining influence of religions organisations upon the people, declining levels of involvement with religions organisations etc.

18. What is Westernization?

Ans: According to M.N. Srinivas, westernisation implies the changes brought about in Indian society and culture as a result of British rule at different levels like technology, institutions, ideology and values.

19. What is culture?

Ans: Culture simply means socially established norms or patterns of behaviour.

20. What is cultural change?

Ans: Changes which come in our culture, views, religion, institutions, behaviour etc. is known as cultural change. It means that whichever changes came in our culture are the part of cultural change.

21. What is a dominant caste?

Ans: Dominant caste is a middle or upper-middle ranking caste with a large population and newly acquired land ownership rights. This combination makes these castes politically, economically and therefore socially dominant in the countryside in many regions of India.

22. What is meant by Secular Country?

Ans: Secular country means that the country has no official or state religion. The state makes no differentiation on the basis of religion.

23. What is capitalism?

Ans: Capitalism is a mode of production based on generalised commodity production or a social system where:

(i) Private property and market have penetrated all sectors. and

(ii) Two main classes exist capitalists and labourers.

24. Who was the author of the book, “The source of knowledge”?

Ans: The author of the book “The sources of knowledge’ is kandukiri Viresalingam.

25. What are the consequences of colonisation?

Ans: Colonisation brough various changes that altered the structure of Indian society. Industrialisation and urbanisation transformed the lives of people. Factories replaced fields as places of work for some. Cities are replaced villages, Living and working arrangements or structures changed. Changes also took place in culture, ways or life, norms, values fashions and even body language.

S.L No.	CONTENTS
Chapter – 1	Structure Of Indian Society
Chapter – 2	Social Institutions: Continuity & Change
Chapter – 3	Social Inequality & Exclusion
Chapter – 4	The Challenges Of Unity In Diversity
Chapter – 5	Project Work
Chapter – 6	Process Of Social Change In India
Chapter – 7	Social Change And The Polity
Chapter – 8	Social Change And The Economy
Chapter – 9	New Areas Of Social Change
Chapter – 10	Social Movements

B. SHORT TYPE QUESTION & ANSWER

1. Write three negative impact of modernization.

Ans: Negative impacts of modernization are:

(i) Modernization has weakened our old family lies.

(ii) Modernization has also weakened the tribal, caste or community identity as well as social lies.

(iii) Modernization has demolished our age old socio-cultural norms and values.

2. What are the reasons of increasing population in cities? 

Ans: Population in the cities are increasing day by day due to the following reasons:

(i) Seeking employment avenues, people are migrating to the cities.

(ii) The decline of agricultural production has compelled the villagers to migrate to the towns for getting employment opportunity there. 

(iii) The decline of community resources like forests, ponds, lakes also have compelled the villagers to move to towns.

3. In what ways did colonial labour laws benefit the owner’s tea plantation? 

Ans: Mainly due to shortage of labour and unwillingness of Assamese native people to work in the uninhabited hill sides (where tea gardens often located) in the tea planters of Assam had to import labour from other provinces. But as the tea planters of Assam are not willing to offer financial and other incentives to these imported labour, they had recourse to fraud and coercion. The colonial government by passing penal laws, aid and abet the tea planters. Under the provisions of the transport of Native Labourers Act of 1863, the contractor were empowered to recruit labourers for tea industry in Assam.

4. What is the relation of technology and urbanisation? 

Ans: Technology has increased the pace of urbanisation. Growth in science and technology has created industrialization which in turn has also increased the pace of urbanisation. But off late, the increased growth of technology are being used to check the growth of population in the urban areas. Unphenomenon growth in the sphere of telecommunication and means of transport has already decreased the distance between rural and urban areas. Using modern mode of communication like metro rail and mono-rail, governments are trying to check the population settlement in urban centres.

5. What do you mean by structural change?

Ans: Changes which come in our social relations and social institutions are known as structural change. Changes which occur in family, marriage etc. are also a part of structural change.

6. Which problems occur due to urbanisation?

Ans: Due to urbanisation, urban centres become highly populated-which creates huge burden on infrastructures like roads, sanitation, water supply, communication system etc. Moreover growth of industrial township in the midst of villages totally uproot some villages. Influx of immigrant workers not only stimulates a demand for houses and market but also creates problems or ordering relationships between native residents and the immigrants.

7. Why were coastal cities favoured by the Colonial regime? 

Ans: Colonial regime favoured the coastal cities mainly due to the communication facility. The Britishers for conducting their trade and business depended mainly on waterways. That is why they favoured coastal cities like Hoogley, Bombay, etc.

8. Why did social reform movement start in India?

Ans: Social reform movements in India started directly as a result of Colonial rule. The Britishers came to India primarily as traders. But within a very short span of time, they established as the ruling power. During colonial period, they established educational institutions and introduced English education. The Christian Missionaries also worked simultaneously in this direction. Industrialization process also picked up momentum in this period. As a result of all these factors social reform movement started in India.

9. Name a few organisations of 19th and 20th century which initiated socio reform works.

Ans: Brahma Samaj, Arya Samaj, Satya Shodak Samaj, Ram Krishna Mission etc.

10. Explain the reform works done among Muslims?

Ans: Sir Syed Ahmed Khan started social reforms among the Muslims. Khan combined modern ideas of western liberalism and traditional literature. Sir Ahmed khan’s interpretation of Islam emphasised the validity of free enquiry and the alleged similarities between Koranic revolution and the laws of nature discovered by modern science.

In 1914, the All India Muslim Ladies Conference was founded. This organisation took active role in reforming Muslim society. Muslim social reformers actively debated the meaning of polygamy and purdah. A resolution against the evils of polygamy was proposed by Jahanara Shah Nawas at the All India Muslim Ladies Conference.

11. Write the meaning of secularism.

Ans: Secularization means process of decline in the influence of religion. The theorists of modernization believes that modern societies have become increasingly secular. Indicators of secularisation are declining influence of religions organisations upon the people, declining levels of involvement with religions organisations etc.

12. Which processes are responsible for cultural changes in India?

Ans: The processes which are responsible for cultural changes in India are:

Sanskritisation, westernisation, modernization, secularisation etc.

13. What is desanskritisation?

Ans: The term ‘desanskritisation” is just the reverse of sanskritisation. As a result of this process, members of the upper castes continue to their ideas and ways of life. They do not hesitate in adopting the occupations meant for the members of the lower castes.

14. Discuss about the impact of Sanskritisation.

Ans: The term ‘sanskritisation’ was coined by M.N. Srinivas Sanskritisation is the process by which a ‘low’ caste or tribe or other group takes over the customs, rituals, beliefs, ideology and style of life of a high and in particular, a’ twice born (dwija) caste.

The impact of sanskritisation is many sided. Its influence can be seen in language, literature, ideology music, dance, drama, style of life and ritual. 

15. Discuss about the cultural changes due to westernisation. 

Ans: M.N.Srinivas (1962) pioneer of sociology in India has used the term ‘Westernisation’ to indicate the change, which took place in India during the British rule in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Westernisation implies changes in dress style of eating, manners etc.

The change in the medium of instruction also occured in India. Westernisation started having its impact on the elite because they studied secular subjects with English as medium of instruction.

The Brahmins and other eastes with tradition of learning and tradition of science in the courts readily took to secular education with English as a medium of education.

Another big change introduced in the Indian society by the new system of education is that the schools were thrown open all type in contrast to the traditional school which were restricted to upper caste childern.

Like these westernization has brought about changes in Indian culture.

C. LONG TYPE QUESTION & ANSWER

1. Explain briefly the different characteristics of modernisation. 

Ans: Some characteristics of modernisation are:

(i) Modernisation refers to the process of change-brought out by scientific and technological development.

(ii) The term ‘modernisation’ has been used to refer to the path of development that Europe and America has taken.

(iii) The process of modernisation leads to secularisation.

2. What are the features of industrialisation?

Ans: Urbanisation, loss of face to face relationships in workplace, enormous division of labour etc. are some of the social features of industrialization.

3. What are the consequences of the process of industrialisation? Explain them in detail. 

Ans: The process of industrialisation leads to urbanisation. As industry provides employment avenues, people from remote villages migrates to the industrial centres, leaving behind the members of their families in their natal villages. Thus. family system changed due to the process of industrialisation.

The process of industrialisation has led to the emergence of slum areas in the industrial centres. The lowly paid workers of the industries were compelled to live in very poor conditions and thus slum areas emerged in industrial centres.

Industrialisation also leads to greater equality. In factories caste distinctions don’t matter any more. Thus in India, industrialisation helped in establishment of social equality.

4. Highlight the main social aspects of the process of ubanisation.

Ans: Unbanisation has led to the decline of extended or joint family system in India. In industrial urban centres nuclear family system has gained popularity. While writing about the urban impact on Indian villages sociologist M.S.A Rao mentioned about three different situations of urban impact. Firstly, the villagers, leaving the families in their natal villages have sought employment in far off cities. By sending money to their families and by vising natal homes, they keep their family relationship alive. In may villages of Gujarat, a considerable number of emigrants reside in overseas towns. Such overseas migrants have built fashionable houses in their natal village, inverted money on land and industry and have also donated for establishment of educational institutions.

The second kind of urban impact is to be seen in villages, which is situated near industrial town. When an industrial town comes up in the midst of villages, some villages are totally uprooted, while the lands of other villages are partially acquired. With the influx of immigrant workers, demand for houses become a necessity.

5. How is colonialism different from earlier forms of conquest or domination and in what ways did it affect Indian society? 

Ans: The impact of colonial rule in distinguishable from all other earlier rules because the changes it brought in were far reaching and deep. Moreover, the earlier forms of conquest of domination was mostly concerned with exacting a continuous flow of tribute. The pre-capitalist conquerors didn’t interfere with the economic base of the subjugated country. On the other hand, British colonialism- directly interfered in the economy of the country to ensure greatest profit and benefit to British Capitalism. Every policy was geared towards the strengthening and expansion of British Capitalism.

The changes brought by colonialism to Indian society were for reaching and irreversible colonial rule unified all of India for the first time and brought in the forces of modernisation and capitalist economic change. Colonialism introduced modern education system, particularly English education in India. It also introduced modern means of transport and communication like roads, railways, telecommunication, press etc. in India. As a result of all these Indian society changed tremendously.

6. Which changes came to Indian society due to social movements?

Ans: In India social reform movement emerged in the 19th century to address the social evils that plagued Indian society. The burning issues of that time were sati, child marriage, widow remarriage, caste discrimination etc. As a result of social movements, which were initiated by social reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Vidyasagar, Swami Dayananda Saraswati, Jyotiba Phule, Sir Syeh Ahmed Khan etc. the colonial government took step to prohibit the evils like sati, child marriage etc. As a result of these social movement the Britishers introduced modern English education in India. Women education also picked up momentum. Caste discrimination also reduced considerably. Modern social organisation like the Brahma Samaj, Arya Samaj, All India Muslim Ladies Conference were set-up due to result of these social movements. These organisations spreaded new ideas of liberalism and freedom, new ideas of home making and marriage, new roles for mothers and doughters etc. which helped tremendously in reforming Indian society.

7. What were the impacts of westernisation in India society. 

Ans: The impact of westernisation on Indian society is extensive and far reaching. The westernisation process itself indicates the changes that occurred in Indian society as western impact. M.N. Srinivas defined westernisation as “the changes brought about in Indian Society and culture as a result of over 150 years of British rule, the term subsuming changes occurring in different levels, technology, institutions, ideology and values.” As a result of westernisation thinking pattern and ways of living of the Indians changed. As a result of English education Indians come to know about the struggle for liberty and equality in Europe in America. Moreover, westernisation also influenced Indian art and literature. Artists like Ravi Varma, Bankim Chandra etc. were influenced by western style and technique.

Apart from all these, westernisation multiplied the process of industrialisation, urbanisation as well as secularisation.

8. What is the meaning of secularisation? Explain its different elements.

Ans: Secularization means process of decline in the influence of religion. The theorists of modernization believes that modern societies have become increasingly secular. Indicators of secularisation are declining influence of religions organisations upon the people, declining levels of involvement with religions organisations etc.

Modernisation is an important element of secularisation. Normally, modernization leads to secularisation. One aspect of modernity is that science take precedence over those of the emotions, the sacred and the non-rational. With the unprecedented growth of science and technology, the pace of modernization and secularisation also increased. Religious taboos and beliefs declined with the spread of scientific knowledge. The overwhelming power of religious institutions declined as rationalism took place of emotion. Thus, the process of modernization leads to secularisation. 

However, this is not always the case. In recent years we have seen unprecedented growth of religious consciousness all over the world. Though people are using most modern means of transport and communication, yet religious consciousness of people have also increased recently and interestingly, they are these techniques to spread religions beliefs and sentiments.

9. Compare and contrast sanskritisation and westernisation as processes of social change in Indian society.

Ans: Sociologist M.N. Srinivas coined the word ‘Sanskritisation’ and discussed about the process in details. Simply, sanskritisation suggest a process, whereby a low caste wants to improve its status through adoption of names and customs of culturally high-placed groups. Though sanskritisation primarily takes place within the Hindu space, Srinivas argued that it was visible even in sects and religious groups outside Hinduism. Studies shows that sanskritisation operated differently in different parts of the country. In regions where Sanskritised caste was dominant, the culture of the region underwent a certain amount of Sanskritization. On the other hand, where non-Sanskritic castes was dominant, their influence was stronger. In Punjab Sanskritic influence was never strong, rather Persian influence was the dominant one.

According to M.N. Srinivas, westernisation implies the changes brought about in Indian society and culture as a result of British rule at different levels like technology, institutions, ideology and values.

Srinivas suggested that while lower castes sought to be sanskritised, upper castes sought to be westernised. However, such generalisation is not valid for a diverse country like India. Some studies in Kerala shows conscious efforts made by lower castes to get westernise.

As a process of social change, westernisation brought structural changes to Indian society, while sanskritisation failed to brought any structural changes to Indian society. Sanskritisation only implies positional change of some individuals. Moreover, the process sanskritisation is value ladden as it acknowledge the rituals and life styles of upper caste as superior and that of the lower castes as inferior. On the other hand the process of modernisation is value-neutral. It leads to secularisation.

10. Summarise the major changes in the institution of caste from colonial times to the present day.

Ans: The institution of caste underwent major changes during the colonial period. The 1901 census, under the direction of Herbert Risley, was particularly important as it collected information on the social hierarchy of caste i.e..the position of each caste in the rank order. Scholars effect that this kind of direct attempt to count caste and to officially record caste status changed the institution itself. Before this kind of intervention, caste identities had been less rigid; once they began to be counted and recorded, caste identities became more rigid.

The land revenue settlement laws gave legal recognition to caste based rights of the upper castes. These castes now become land owners in modern sense rather than feudal lords with claims on produce of the land. Thus, upper castes became land owners.

Towards the end to the colonial period, the British administration took interest in the welfare of downtrodden castes, referred as the ‘depressed classes’ at that time. The govt. of India Act 1935 gave legal recognition to the lists or schedules of caste and tribes to provide special treatment by the state. Thus, the term ‘Scheduled Tribes’ and ‘Scheduled castes’ came into being. The present system of reservation for S.C., S.T. came into being in the colonial period.

In the contemporary period, caste has tended to become invisible for the upper caste, urban middle and upper castes. These groups have benefited the most from the development policies taken by the govt. of independent India. Getting benefit from subsidised public education and taking advantage of the expansion of state sector jobs in the early decades after independence, such groups became leader of the entire society. As their privileged status got consolidated in the second and third generations, these groups began to believe that their advancement had little to do with caste. For these groups, it now seems that caste plays no part in their public lives, being limited to the personal sphere of religious practice, marriage and kinship. In this sense, caste became relatively invisible for the urban upper caste.

For the scheduled castes, tribes and the backward castes, caste identity has tended to eclipse the other dimensions of their identity. As these backward castes had no inherited educational and social capital and as they have to compete with an already entrenched upper caste group, they have to redy on their caste identity, because caste is one of few collective assets they have. The policies of reservation and other protective discrimination policies taken by the state, serve as the lifelines of the lower castes. The lower castes always tried to exert political pressure upon the govt. to safeguard these lifelines. Thus, caste identity has become all important, often the only aspect of their identity.

11. What is meant by secularisation of caste? Explain with examples.

Ans: In traditional India caste system operated within a religious framework, where the belief system of purity and pollution were central to its practice. But now, this traditional belief system of purity and pollution centering around caste system is waring. In present day India, caste works as political pressure groups. Caste based political parties are also very common in India. Such a changing role of caste has been described as secularisation of caste. In India, caste structure provides one of the principal organisational clusters alone which the bulk of the population is bound to live.

The Bahujan Samajbadi Party in U.P. is a good example. The party works as a platform for Harijans and other lower castes.