Class 12 Sociology Chapter 9 New Areas of Social Change

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Class 12 Sociology Chapter 9 New Areas of Social Change

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New Areas of Social Change

A. VERY SHORT TYPE QUESTION & ANSWER

1. What is meant by electronic economy?

Ans: At present time banks, corporations, fund managers and individual investors are able to shift funds internationally with the click of a mouse, Mainly due to the communication revolution. This facility is simply known as electronic economy.

2. What is world Trade organisation?

Ans: The world Trade organisation, founded on January 1,1995, Works as the custodian of World economy.

3. What is meant by globalised village?

Ans: Globalisation simply means growing interconnectedness and interdependence among the nations of the word. Globalised village means that this growing interconnectedness and interdependence has transformed the whole word into a globalised village. A simply means the disapparence of differences on the basis of time and space.

4. What is meant by culture of consumption?

Ans: In the globalised word careful with money is no longer a virtue. On the otherhand consumerism emerged as a new cultural trend. People now want to consume more and more. Growth of multinational shopping malls, multiplex, amusement parks etc. are symbol of growing consumer culture.

5. What is corporate culture?

Ans: Corporate culture is a branch of management theory that seeks to increase productivity and competitiveness through the creation of a unique organisational culture involving all members of a firm. Corporate culture sometimes refers to way of doing things, promotion and packaging products etc. It also involves company events, rituals and traditions which are supposed to enhance employee loyality and promote group solidarity.

6. Write the meaning of globalisation.

Ans: Globalisation simply means growing interconnectedness and interdependence among the nations of the World. Only one way of understanding cannot explain the full concept of Globalisation. Different academic disciplines may focus on different aspects of globalisation.

7. In how many parts means of communication can be devided? 

Ans: Means of communication can be devided into two parts print media and electronic media.

8. What is meant by mass communication?

Ans: Mass communication simply means the mass media like Radio, News Paper, Magazines.

Internet, Telephone, Television etc. Which are used to communicate the manes.

9. What is local culture?

Ans: Local culture simply means culture of the local people of a particular area.

10. What are included in Print media?

Ans: Newspapers, Magazines, Journals etc. are included in print media.

11. What are the important means of electronic media? 

Ans: Aakashvani and Doordarshan are important means of electronic media. Radio and T.V. are included in it.

12. What is the main function of man media?

Ans: The main function of man-media is to disseminate news, information etc, for mass audiences.

13. Name few means of mass communication.

Ans: Radio, T.V. Newspapers, Magazines, Internet, Telephone etc. are few means of mass media.

14. Name the first news paper published in India? 

Ans: Bombay Samachar in 1882.

15. Mention two factors that have led to the growth of Print media.

Ans: Increasing literacy rate as well as growing urbanisation have led to the growth of print media.

16. Name 4 News papers being published in India.

Ans: The 4 News papers being published in India are:

(a) The Times of India.

(b) The Telegraph.

(c) The Hindu. and

(d) Dainik Bhaskar.

S.L No.	CONTENTS
Chapter – 1	Structure Of Indian Society
Chapter – 2	Social Institutions: Continuity & Change
Chapter – 3	Social Inequality & Exclusion
Chapter – 4	The Challenges Of Unity In Diversity
Chapter – 5	Project Work
Chapter – 6	Process Of Social Change In India
Chapter – 7	Social Change And The Polity
Chapter – 8	Social Change And The Economy
Chapter – 9	New Areas Of Social Change
Chapter – 10	Social Movements

B. SHORT TYPE QUESTION & ANSWER

1. What is impact of globalisation on social sector? 

Ans: In the social sector, the impact of globalisation is varied and divergent one hand it has led to the growth of consumerism and corporate culture and the other hand it has carried a threat.

Globalisation infect carry a threat to many indigenous craft, literary tradition as well as knowledge system. As for example, about 30 theatre groups, which were active around the textile mills of area of Parel in Mumbai have become defunct as most of the mill workers are out of jobs in there. Similarly, some traditional manners of Andhra Pradesh home committed suicides while some others discarded this traditional profession mainly because their products are not able to compete with the machine made products. Thus, indigenous craft is facing hard challenges from big firms. Similarly, various farms of traditional knowledge system especially in the fields of medicine and agriculture is in danger. Contract farming and use of hybrid seeds and fertilisers produced by a MNCs have contributed largely in wiping out local variants and indigenous knowledge of production.

2. What is meant by liberalisation.

Ans: Liberalisation is the process whereby state controls over economic activity are relaxed and left to the market forces to decide. In general, it implies the process of making laws more liberal or permissine.

3. What is the relation of globalisation with labour? 

Ans: With globalisation a new international division of labour has emerged in which more and more routine manufacturing production and employment is done in third world cities. Out sourcing is a very popular method adopted by the MNCs through which worlds are being leased to the smaller firms of third world countries. The multinational corporation normally shifts their production units to the places where labour cost comparatively low and thus try to keeping production cost low. As for example in 1996’s the production centre of Nike, a sports goods producer, was at Japan, but when labour cost increased in Japan, it shifted its production centre to South Korea in mid seventies. Again when labour cost increased in South Korea it shifted its production centre to Thailand and Indonesia in the 1980. Thus globalisation involves system of flexible production at dispersed locations.

Another by issue regarding globalisation and labour is the relationship between employment and globalisation. As globalisation process proceed, employment avenues increased manyfold. People have come to know about more new jobs like sales executive, call centre jobs etc. Mainly IT revolutions opened up new career opportunities.

4. What are transnational corporation?

Ans: Transnational corporations are those companies which operate across national boundaries. Transnational corporations have capital from all over the globe production unit as well as selling points in different parts of the world.

5. What type of programmes are broadcasted on. T.V? 

Ans: Prior to adoption of liberalisation policy in India, there was one state controlled TV. At that time, the main purpose of television programme were to educate, inform and entertain people. However, after 1991, private run satellite channels have multiplied rapidly. The coming of transnational television companies like Star TV. Mtv. Channel (V), Sonny etc. have changed two character and quality of programmes. Initially they broadcasted programmes produced at Hollywood. But most of the transnational television channels have through research realised that the use of the familion is more effective to attract Indian audiences. Hence, they started producing programmes on the basis of Indian language, culture and tradition. Perfectly, almost over type of programmes are broadcasted in Indian television. We have specialised TV channels for leads presently news, music, business, movies, entertainment, education, sports religions etc. are there in India.

6. What is the impact of internet on the field of journalism? 

Ans: Changing technology has also changed the role and function of a reporter. The basic tools of a news reporter a short hand notebook, pen, typewriter and plain old telephone has been replaced by new tools a mobile or satellite phone, a laptop or a PC and other accessories like modern, data traneller etc. All these technologies, particularly use of internet have increased the speed of news and helped newspaper managements to push their deadlines to down. They are also able to plan a greater number of editions and provide the latest news to the readers. At present time almost all newspapers have internet editions. A number of language news papers are using new technologies to bring out separate editions for each of the districts. Due to the use of internet, despite print centres are limited, the number of editions has grown manifold.

7. What are the functions of mass media?

Ans: The prime functions of mass media are disseminating information, knowledge news and views etc. to the mass audience. The relationship between mass media and society is dialectical. Both inference each other. The nature and role of mass media is influenced by society while mass media also inference upon the society. During colonial period, mass media nurtured and channelized anticolonial public But after independence Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of the country called upon the media to function as the watchdog of democracy. The media was expected to spread the spirit of self reliance and national development among the people. In the early years of independence, media was seen as a means to inform the people about various developmental efforts of the government. Media was also encouraged to fight against oppression social practices like untouchability child marriage, illiteracy etc. Thus, functions of mass media change with the nature and requirements of society.

8. What are the wrong impacts of mass media over the general masses?

Ans: The impact of mass media over general masses are both positive as well as negative. Television, Internet, Mobile Phone etc. are getting very popular in present time. Most television channels are on through out the day in 24×7 mode. The television channels to increase their T. R. P. often broadcast sensational news, hard reality shows etc. which imparts wrong impacts upon the general masses. Though internet is getting popular day by day and despite its tremendous advantage, we have to acknowledge that, it has become very easier now to even the school boys to experience various sex sites.

There are some of the wrong impacts of mass media.

9. What is the contribution of means of mass media in the field of education?

Ans: Mass media means the mediums of communication which reach mass audiences. Thus manss media includes televisions, news papers, films, magazines, radio, CD’s etc.

Under British rule newspapers and magazines, films and radio comprised the range of mass-media. Radio was wholly owned by the state. News papers and films, though autonomous from the state where strictly monitored by the Raj. News papers and magazines were not very aside circulated as literate public was limited. The 19th century social reforms often wrote and debated in news papers and journals. Anti colonial public opinion was nurtured and channelized by the nationalist press, which was vocal in its opposition to the oppressive measures of the colonial period. Sometimes colonial government imposed censorship, for instance during the Ilbert Bill controversy, Some prominent news papers of that time were-Kesari, Matarubhumi, Amrit Bazar Patrika, Bombay Samacher, etc.

In independent India, Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of the country called upon the media to function as the watchdog of democracy. The media was expected to spread the spirit of self-reliance and national development among the people, In the early years of independence, development was the central thrust and media was seen as a means to inform the people about various developmental efforts of the government. Media was also encouraged to fight against oppressive social practices like untouchability, child marriage, illiteracy etc. Thus media was expected to promote a rational scientific ethos for building a modern industrial society. 

Now, government uses various television channels as over as radios for educational purpose. Vyas tv, Ekolovya etc. are some television channels which are used for educational purpose.

10. Explain means of mass communication.

Ans: So for as the means of mass communication are concerned it can be classified into two types print media and electronic media. News papers. Magazines, Journals etc. are included in print media while television, radio, internet, mobile phone etc. are called electronic media. At present time social networking sites like facebook, tweeter, etc. are picking up moment as new means of mass communication.

11. What are the direct effects of globalisation on farmers and rural society?

Ans: The impact or effects of globalisation on farmers and rural society is varied. On the one hand it helps the farmers and on the other hand it has carried a threat.

Glovalisation in fact carry a threat to many indigenous craft, literary tradition as well as knowledge system. Many people discarded their traditional professions mainly because their products are not able to compete with the machine made products. The indigenous craft is facing hard challenges from big firms.

Similarly, various farms of traditional knowledge system especially in the fields of medicine and agriculture is in danger. Contract farming and use of hybrid seeds and fertilisers produced by MNCs have contributed largely in wiping out local variants and indigenous knowledge of production.

12. What is knowledge Economy?

Ans: In contrast to previous eras, the global economy is no longer, primarly agricultural or industrial. The weight less economy is one in which products have their base in information as in case with computer software media and entertainment products, internet based services etc. A knowledge economy is one in which much of the work force is involved not in physical production of goods but in their design development, technology, marketing, sale and servicing etc. 

13. What is TNCS? Give two eg of such companies.

Ans: TNCS or Transnational corporations are those companies which operate across national boundaries. Transnational corporations have capital from all over the globe production unit as well as selling points in different parts of the world.

Two examples of such companies are Coca cola and Kodak.

C. LONG TYPE QUESTION & ANSWER

1. What is Globalisation? Explain in brief.

Ans: Globalisation simply means growing interconnectedness and interdependence among the nations of the World. Only one way of understanding cannot explain the full concept of Globalisation. Different academic disciplines may focus on different aspects of globalisation.

Globalisation refers to the mixing of the global with the local, Globalisation on neither entirely spontaneous nor entirely delinked from the commercial interests of globalisation. Globalisation can be seen as a strategy often adopted by foreign firms while dealing with local traditions in order to enhance their marketability. As for example, in India, televisions channels like Star, MTV, Channel V etc. are using Indian languages for enhancing their marketability. This is an example of globalisation.

2. What are the impacts of Globalization on our local culture? 

Ans: There are many views regarding the impact of globalisation on culture. A central contention is that as a result of globalisation all culturals will become similar i.e. homogenous. We have already seen this trend. Act over the world, people are using same dress material, food habits, enjoying same movies and video albums life styles of people of different parts of the globe have become similar. Thus a homogeneous culture is evolving all over the globale.

On the other hand, as a result of globalisation globalisation of culture is taking place globalisation refers to the mixing of global with the local. This tendency is not entirely spontaneous. In India we see that all the foreign television channels like Star, MTV, Channel V, Carton Network etc. one using Indian languages. Similarly though McDonalds beef products are very popular abroad, in Indian they are selling only vegetarian children items. Thus globalisation of culture is increasing.

On the other hand, consumerism emerged as a new cultural trend High flying professionals working in software firms, multinational banks, stock markets, travel fashion and media industry are the main clientele of the booming consumer industry. Growth of multinational shopping malls, multiplex cinema halls, amusement parks etc. are symbol of growing consumer culture.

3. How communication system has been affected by Globalisation?

Ans: Globalisation is all about global interconnectedness. With the tremendous growth in the sphere of science and technology, new means of communication like mobile phone, satellite television, internet, e-mail etc. emerged and due to which globalisation picked up momentum. On the other hand, globalisation also changed the communication system. As a result of the emergence of internet, electronic economy gained momentum.

The electronic economy implies that in the globalised world Banks, corporations and individual are now able to shift funds internationally with the click of a mouse. Now people prefer to carry plastic money like credit card instead of cash.

In India sea change occurred in the telecommunication scenario by 1999. By 2006, India became the country with the forth largest usage of mobile phones. Various multinational companies like Vodafone, Aircel, Airtel etc. are providing mobile services in India. So far as mobile handsets are concerned Nokia, Samsung, L.G, Motorola, etc. are some of the multinational players.

Thus, globalisation has affected the communication system.

4. Globalisation affected different section of people differently. Discuss.

Ans: Globalisation, for some one may mean new opportunities, while for others it may mean loss of livelihood. As for example, Women silk Spinners of Bihar lost their jobs as Chinese and Korean silk yarn entered the market consumers prefer Chinese yarn as it is cheaper and has a shine. Similarly, with the entry of large fishing vessels into Indian waters, the livelihood of women fish sorters, dryers, vendors and net makers get affected as there big vessels take away the fish that used to be earlier collected by Indian fishing vessels.

On the other hand, after globalisation the IT sector, Infotainment Industry etc. got boost and employment avenues of English educated India middle class increased tremendously.

5. Discuss the means of electronic mass media.

Ans: Radio, television, internet, telephone etc. are some of the electronic mass media. Though as a means of communication radio and television are quite old, its rebirth took place with the emergence of satellite radio and television. The staggering growth of private satellite television has been one of the defining developments of contemporary India. On the other hand, the advent of privately owned FM radio stations in 2002 provided a boost to entertainment programmes over radio. In order to attract audiences there privately run radio stations sought to provide entertainment by broadcasting popular music. Alongwith privately owned radio stations, we have also seen the growth of community owned radio stations.

Apart from Radio and TV, internet, mobile phone etc. are some of the important of electronic means of communication.

In India sea change occurred in the telecommunication scenario by 1999. By 2006 India become the country with the forth largest usage of mobile phones. Mobile phones help people to stay in touch with their family and friends. Most of the advertisements of mobile services shows mothers talking to their sons and daughters or grand parents talking to their grand children. Mobile become so popular among to students that they protest against the decision of an University to ban mobile in the campus by writing letter to the president of India. Students uses mobile to keep in touch with their friends and family members as well as serfing nets. In some cases it is found that face to face contact declined due to excessive use of cell phones.

6. How is our culture affected by man media?

Ans: Culture is something which keeps itself changing with the changing time and circumstances. Mass media is on of the most important elements which exert influence upon culture. During British rule, mass media was used to spread anti-colonial sentiment.

Under British rule newspapers and magazines, films and radio comprised the range of mass-media. Radio was wholly owned by the state. News papers and films, though autonomous from the state where strictly monitored by the Raj. News papers and magazines were not very aside circulated as literate public was limited. The 19th century social reforms often wrote and debated in news papers and journals. Anti colonial public opinion was nurtured and channelized by the nationalist press, which was vocal in its opposition to the oppressive measures of the colonial period. Sometimes colonial government imposed censorship, for instance during the Ilbert Bill controversy, Some prominent news papers of that time were – Kesari, Matarubhumi, Amrit Bazar Patrika, Bombay Samacher, etc. 

Television programming was introduced experimentally in India to promote rural development as early as 1959. By 1976 television stations were set up by Doordarshan in 7 cities Delhi, Mumbai, Srinagar, Amritsar, Kolkata, Chennai and Jalandhar. Every broadcasting ceentre had its own mix programmes comprising news, programmes for children and women, programme for farmers as well as entertainment programmes. With the advent of colour broadcasting during the 1982. Asian Games in Delhi and rapid expansion of the national network led to rapid commercialization of television broadcasting. During 1984-85, television network covered a large portion of Indian population. During this period endogenous soap operas like Hum Log and Buniad were aired. They ware hugely popular and attracted substantial advertising revenue for Doordarshan. Revenue for Doordarshan as well as sell of television sets increased manyfold with the broadcasting of the epics Ramayan and Mahabharat.

After Globalization television channels increased manyfold in India. Privately run satellite channels have multiplied rapidly since the mid 1990s. The coming of transactional television companies like Star TV, MTV, Channel V, Sony and Other have greatly widened cable network in India. However all these foreign channels have began producing programmes in Hindi and other Indian regional languages.

Presently most television channels are on through out the day 24×7. Television channels are growing in number in English, Hindi and in Regional languages. These channels are broadcasting Reality shows, Talk shows, Bollywood shows, Family soaps, Interactive shows, Game shows etc. 

These TV channels through their various programmes affects the life style as well as mind set of Indian youth. Now companies before launching any product in the market, carry advertisement in televisions. These advertisement also change the food habit, as well as dress code of the people. Cold drinks like Coca-cola, Pepsi, Mirinda etc. were popularised by television. Film based entertainment, both domestic and important exert influence upon the youths in respect of dress code and life style. Thus, mass media affects our culture.

7. What are the evil consequences of television on our society? 

Ans: In India starting the globalisation process the private satellite channels have been going to be increased rapidly. These satellite channels have broadcasted varied types of programmes for entire world. Entering the transnational companies like Sony, Star etc. have changed the quality and character of programmes. They broadcasted programmes produced at European countries which are more effective to attract Indian viewers. But social attitude, customs and conventions of both these countries are not equal that creates the crisis of social ethics in the midst of conservative Indian society.

Besides off these types of private channels have broadcasted various types of sensational and soul-touched news that imparts an evil impact on our society. Hence by capturing the personal moments of political leaders, filmstars destroys the privacy of mankind. These are some evil consequences of television on our society.

8. What is meant by mass communication?

Ans: Mass communication is different from other means of communication as it requires a formal structural organisation to meet large scale capital production and management demands. The state or the market have a major role in the structure and functioning of mass-media. Mass media functions through very large organisations with major investments and large body of employees.

So far as the means of mass communication are concerned – it can be classified into two types – Print media and Electronic media. Newspapers, Magazines, Journals, news bulletin etc. are included in print media. On the other hand Radio, TV, Internet, Telephone, Mobile phone etc. are included in electronic media.

9. How does mass media help in cultural change?

Ans: Mass-media is one of the most implicative elements which provides an immense influence upon culture. It simply means to inform people about various development and entertainments. There are two types of media-print media and electronic media. Newspaper, magazines, journals etc. are included in print media while radio, television, computer etc. are called electronic media. During British rule mass media was used to spread into anti-colonial sentiment. In present time electronic media become popular and most of the electronic media have braodcasted programmes on throughout the day in 24 x 7 mode and it helps to emerge a new social ethic. Mass media brings the rapid changement into the life-style as well as mind set of Indian youth. Cold drinks like Coca-Cola, Pepsi, KFC restaurant, Pizza of McDonold are popularised through television.

Costume or attire is the special identity of our culture. Because of globaliaton mass media brings the rapid changement and development into the dress code. On the other hand, dance, music etc. are the inseparable part of culture and it provide through the mass media. Growth of multinational shopping malls, multiplex etc. are the symbol of growing consumer culture through where can buy up to date materials of branded companies like REEBOK, NIKE, LEE etc. Now a days DVD, CD, Internet, FM Radio broadcasted different types of reality show, programmes of dance and music have been defining developments of Indian culture. The trend of blending music is the latest update of culture and popularised specially. Thus mass media helps into the changements of culture.

10. In what way globalisation affected Indian television? 

Ans: Television programming was introduced experimentally in India to promote rural development as early as 1959. By 1976 television stations were set up by Doordarshan in 7 cities Delhi, Mumbai, Srinagar, Amritsar, Kolkata, Chennai and Jalandhar. Every broadcasting ceentre had its own mix programmes comprising news, programmes for children and women, programme for farmers as well as entertainment programmes. With the advent of colour broadcasting during the 1982. Asian Games in Delhi and rapid expansion of the national network led to rapid commercialization of television broadcasting. During 1984-85, television network covered a large portion of Indian population. During this period endogenous soap operas like Hum Log and Buniad were aired. They ware hugely popular and attracted substantial advertising revenue for Doordarshan. Revenue for Doordarshan as well as sell of television sets increased manyfold with the broadcasting of the epics Ramayan and Mahabharat.

After Globalization television channels increased manyfold in India. Privately run satellite channels have multiplied rapidly since the mid 1990s. The coming of transactional television companies like Star TV, MTV, Channel V, Sony and Other have greatly widened cable network in India. However all these foreign channels have began producing programmes in Hindi and other Indian regional languages.

Presently most television channels are on through out the day 24×7. Television channels are growing in number in English, Hindi and in Regional languages. These channels are broadcasting Reality shows, Talk shows, Bollywood shows, Family soaps, Interactive shows, Game shows etc.

11. Discuss the major developments in the Indian print media since independence.

Ans: Technology have changed the process of news paper production. News paper production have become fully automatic from reporters desk to final page proof. The use of paper has been fully eliminated with this automated chain. Networking of personal computers through LAN and use of news making software brought there changes. Instead of shorthand notebook, pen, typewriter and old telephone, a modern reporter carry a mini tape recorder or mobile phone having recording facility, a laptop a modem etc. Now, news papers are using new technology for improving pictorial coverage, photographers carry digital cameras and instantly sent the photographs to the central news desk via modems.

The most significant happening in the last few decades has been the Indian newspaper revolution. The beginning of this growth predated liberalisation. According to National Readership survey 2002. The top two dailies in India are Hindi newspaper Dainik Jagran and Dainik Bhaskar. The fastest growing dailies are the Assamese dailies in urban areas and the Bengali dailies in rural areas.

12. “There is an increasing tendency towards globalisation of culture”. Do you agree. Explain why.

Ans: Yes, I agree that there is an increasing tendency towards. globalisation of culture among the new generation.

As a result of globalisation, globalisation of culture is taking place. Globalisation refers to the mixing of global with the local. This tendency is not tirely spontaneous. In India, we see that all the foreign television channels like STAR, MTV, Channel V, Cartoon Network etc. are using Indian languages. Even in case of language, globalisation have exerted its influence. Now young generation of India is picking up Hinglish mixture of Hindu and English in common parlance. Unprecedented growth of non-media in recent years, especially satellite television channels and FM radios have contributed largely in the sphere.

On the other hand, consumerism, emerged as a new cultural trend. High flying professionals working is software firms, multinational banks, stock markets, travel fashion and media industry and the main clientele of the booming consumer industry. Growth of multinational shopping malls. multiplex cinema halls, amusement parks etc, are symbol of growing consumer culture.

Like this, globalisation of culture is increasing and people mainly young genration are attracted towards it.