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Class 12 Sociology Chapter 4 The Challenges of Unity in Diversity
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The Challenges of Unity in Diversity
| A. VERY SHORT TYPE QUESTION & ANSWER |
1. Which major religions exist in India?
Ans: Hindu, Islam, Buddha, Christian, Jainism etc.
2. What do you mean by unity in diversity?
Ans: The meaning of unity in diversity is that all the people live with each other with peace and harmony even if they have many differences among them. Like many religion cultures, races etc. exist in our country but they live with each other. This unity in diversity cannot be seen any where which can be seen only in India.
3. How does regionalism become an obstacle in the way of national unity?
Ans: Regionalism puts an extra emphasis on a particular regional identity, which can create obstacle in the way of national unity.
4. What do you mean by Communalism?
Ans: Communalism is nothing but in ideology which tries to encourage religious ideas of one religion among the people and which are totally against the ideas of other religious groups.
5. Why did constitution makers want to make India a secular state?
Ans: They were aware of the religious diversities of the country and wanted to see that every religion should get equal respect from the state. They behind that a strong nation could be built only when all sections of people had the freedom to practice their religion.
6. What is meant by Casteism?
Ans: When politicians tries to take advantage of casete consciousness for the electoral gains then this process is known as casteism. Leaders of perticular castes always try to arose caste related consciousness so that people could give them their votes. This is casteism.
7. Write two effects of casteism on our society.
Ans: The two effects of casteism on our society are:
(i) As a result of Casteism Indian society stratified on the basis of religious purity and pollution.
(ii) Evils like untouchability arose as a result of casteism.
8. What is meant by ascriptive identity?
Ans: Ascriptive identities are determined by the accidents of birth and don’t involve any choice on the part of the individuals concerned. Actually. no one has any choice about which family or community or country they are born into. Ascriptive identities are very hard to shake off even if someone choose to disown them, others may continue to identify by those very markers of belonging.
9. What is a Nation?
Ans: Simply, a nation is a sort of large community. It is a community of communities. A nation is a community that believes itself to be a community. on the basis of several shared characteristics like common language, geographical locations, history, religion, race, ethnicity etc. However, nations may exist without one or more of such characteristics.
10. What is priviledged minority?
Ans: In sociology the nation of minority involves some sort of relative disadvantages. But some people of minority community have never faced disadvantages and are extremely privileged petition. To mean these people the phrase ‘privileged minority’ is used.
11. What is the sociological meaning of minority?
Ans: The concept of minority usually involves some sense of relative disadvantage. Minority generally implies a relatively small but also disadvantaged group. In sociological sense the members of the minority form a collectivity – that is they have a strong sense of group solidarity, a feeling of togetherness and belonging which is also linked to disadvantage. Religious or cultural minorities need special protection because of the demographic dominance of the majority. In democratic politics, it is always possible to convert a numerical majority into political power through election. This means that religious or cultural minorities are politically vulnerable. They always face the risk that the majority community may use state machinery to suppress their religious and cultural institutions. So, to safeguard their distinctive identity they need protection from the state.
12. How can caste system be removed from the society?
Ans: To remove the evils of the caste system from our society we need strong legislation. Moreover, education can do a lot in eliminating caste system from our society.
13. Mention two factors that encourage regionalism?
Ans: The two factors that encourage regionalism are:
(i) Diversity on basis of language, culture, tribal identity, ethanicty etc. encourage regionalism.
(ii) Regional imbalances in the sphere of economy and growth, sentiment of regional deprivation etc. are some other courses of regionalism.
14. What do you understand by cultural diversity?
Ans: Cultural diversity means presence of many different kinds of cultural communities defined by language, religion, region, ethnicity and so, on within a particular large national or regional context.
15. What kind of factors is community identity based on?
Ans: Community identity is based on birth and ‘belonging’ community identity is determined by accidents of birth and don’t involve any choice on the part of the individuals concerned. Community ties like family, kinship, caste, ethnicity, language etc. give a sense of identity to the people. This sense of identity is known as community identity.
16. Which religion was adopted by Ambedkar and why?
Ans: Ambedkar adopted Buddhism. To fight against untouchability and to show secular attitude the changed his religion.
17. Give some names of minority groups of India.
Ans: Christian, Muslim, Buddhist etc.
18. What is meant by Ashrama system?
Ans: Ashrama system is the traditional Hindu system of education, which is closely linked with caste system.
19. In which year the act RTI was passed and came into force.
Ans: RTI Act. (Right to Information Act) was passed on June 15 in the year-2005 and came into force on October 13,2005.
20. The term “diversity” emphasises differences rather than inequalities. (true/false)
Ans: True.
| S.L No. | CONTENTS |
| Chapter – 1 | Structure Of Indian Society |
| Chapter – 2 | Social Institutions: Continuity & Change |
| Chapter – 3 | Social Inequality & Exclusion |
| Chapter – 4 | The Challenges Of Unity In Diversity |
| Chapter – 5 | Project Work |
| Chapter – 6 | Process Of Social Change In India |
| Chapter – 7 | Social Change And The Polity |
| Chapter – 8 | Social Change And The Economy |
| Chapter – 9 | New Areas Of Social Change |
| Chapter – 10 | Social Movements |
| B. SHORT TYPE QUESTION & ANSWER |
1. What are the evil consequences of religion diversity?
Ans: As a result of huge religious diversity, as it exists in India, communalism or communal identity may grow up. The state have to make various provisions to satisfy diverse religions groups. The state have to move carefully in each and every sphere, so that religious sentiments of each and every group is respected. Moreover, there is always the possibility of growing up the feelings of suspicion and intolerance among various religious groups, which may create tension in society.
2. Write something about geographical diversity in India.
Ans: India is a land of full geographical diversity. On one side of the country, it is surrounded by the great Himalaya’s and other maintains, while the other side of the country is surrounded by oceans. The central India is a place of river valley while the entire north-east of the country is hilly areas. While Rajasthan is known for big deserts, Kashmir valley is known for cold and snow-fall. Thus, India is a land of face geographical diversity.
3. Idea of Communalism is very dangerous comment.
Ans: Communalism refers to aggressive chauvinism based on religion identity. Communalism is a political ideology that believes that religion supersedes all other aspects of persons or groups identity which is usually accompanied by an aggressive and hostile attitude towards persons or groups of other religion identities.
Hence, it is very dangerous as it may destroy the peace, security and order in a society. The feeling of intolerance which is associated with communalism, can create tension in a society which is full of diversity.
4. Explain how ‘India is a secular state’?
Ans: In the western sense, Secularism means separation of church and state. Secularism in the west was related to the arrival of modernity and the rise of science and rationality in place of religious beliefs.
The Indian meaning of secularism includes the western sense along with some other meanings. In India secularism primarily means that the Indian state shows equal respect for all religious, rather than merely separating state from religion. Here the secular Indian state declares public holidays to mark the festivals of all religious.
In India secularism is also seen as opposition of communalism. In this sense secularism is opposite of religious chauvinism though it need not imply hostility to religion as such.
The Indian Constitution declares India as a secular state in its preamble. The constitution provided fundamental rights to all its citizens irrespective of all artificial differences like religion, caste etc. Thus, India is a secular state.
5. How does caste play an important role in politics?
Ans: Caste continues to be a major determinant of political life in India. It has been a determinant of political participation, voting behaviour and almost all other aspects of Indian politics. Caste determines the nature, organisation and working of political parties and interest groups etc. Caste voting, caste based candidatures, caste based riots, cae conflict and the issue of reservation versus non-reservation are all factors of Indian politics.
6. What is meant by regionalism in Indian context?
Ans: In positive sense regionalism means the love for one’s area of living. It is something natural. However, in India its negative sense is prevailing which means love for one’s own region over and above the country as a whole. In India regionalism implies that regional and parochial demands are made on the political system, which are opposed to the country as a whole. Now regionalism poses a big strain upon nationalism and nation as a whole. It has been a big hindrance in the process of national integration and nation-building. If continues to plague Indian political system in several forms like demands for secession, demands for separate statehood, inter state disputes, militant regionalism etc.
7. What type of diversities can be seen in different parts of India?
Ans: Caste continues to be a major determinant of political life in India. It has been a determinant of political participation, voting behaviour and almost all other aspects of Indian politics. Caste determines the nature, organisation and working of political parties and interest groups etc. Caste voting, caste based candidatures, caste based riots, caste conflict and the issue of reservation versus non-reservation are all factors of Indian politics.
But not only in geography, in every spheres of life India is full of diversity. Cultural diversity means presence of many different kinds of cultural communities defined by language, religion, region, ethnicity and so, on within a particular large national or regional context.
India is considered to be a very diverse country as there are many different types of social groups and communities living here.
In terms of religion also, we see diversity. Almost 80% population are Hindus, 13% are Muslims, 2.5% are Christians, 1.9% are Sikhs, while 0.8% are Buddhist and 0.4% are joins. So far as language is concerned mainly 22 language are spoken in India. Thus, India is a country which is full of diversity.
| C. LONG TYPE QUESTION & ANSWER |
1. What was the impact of casteism in Indian Society?
Ans: One important principle that the caste system imposed in India is the principle of inequality. Caste was a very unequal institution – some castes benefitted greatly from the system, while others were condemned to a life of endless labour and subordination. Moreover, the institution of caste is hierarchical, where each caste occupies an ordered rank in a ladder like arrangement arranging from highest to lowest. Thus, caste system impose the principle of inequality in our own society.
Caste system also imposed the principle of ‘purity and pollution’ in our society. Purity is believed to be closer to the sacred, while pollution is something believed to be distant or opposed to the sacred, therefore considered ritually polluting. Castes that are considered ritually pure have high status, while those considered less pure, have low status. Thus, caste system imposed the principle of purity and pollution’ in our society.
Caste system also imposed social division of labour, as caste system is linked with occupation. In Principle, except that caste system allows no mobility. Thus, caste system strictly impose social division of labour.
2. What is the meaning of secularisation? Explain its different elements.
Ans: Secularisation implies the process of separation of religion from politics. It is the process of progressive retreat of religion from public life. Secularisation, as a process is related to the arrival of modernity and the rise of science and rationality as alternatives to religious ways of understanding the world.
Secularisation is a multifaceted concept which implies the following principles:
(i) The doctrine by which state is kept strictly separate from religion i.e. Deparation of Church and State in western sense.
(ii) The doctrine by which the state doesn’t discriminate between different religious and shows equal respect to all.
(iii) In popular sense it is antithesis of communalism 1.e. an attitude which is not based in favour or against any religion.
3. What is meant by Communalism in the Indian context?
Ans: Communalism refers to aggressive chauvinism based on religion identity. Communalism is a political ideology that believes that religion supersedes all other aspects of persons or groups identity which is usually accompanied by an aggressive and hostile attitude towards persons or groups of other religion identities.
Communalism continues to be a sad and hard reality in Indian politics. Even after adoption of the principles of secularism, communalism continues to afflict our polity. A very sad fact is that it has been even increasing its interity and area. Communalism in India has been present in several forms but chiefly as communalism between the two largest Indian communities Hindus and Muslims. The other forms of manifestations have been sectarian violence, religious riots, regional riots, tribal riots etc. In India communalism is generally treated as a bad legacy of British rule. At present time, the presence of some communal organisations and outfits, and some fundamentalist religious groups have-fuelled the communal fire. Communalisation of political power struggle has also been an important factor is giving strength to communalism in India.
4. What are community identities and why they are important?
Ans: Community identity is based on birth and ‘belonging’ community identity is determined by accidents of birth and don’t involve any choice on the part of the individuals concerned. Community ties like family, kinship, caste, ethnicity, language etc. give a sense of identity to the people. This sense of identity is known as community identity.
Community identity is formed mainly by the accidents of birth. When people are born in a particular family, religion or cultural pattern, they learn to speak particular language, practice particular religion or cultural pattern. Thus, a sense of community identity arise in their minds.
As community identity is based on birth and belonging, rather than some form of acquired – qualifications, we are emotionally attached to our community identity. Expending and overlapping circles of community lies like family, kinship, caste, language, religion etc. give meaning to our World and give us a sense of identity.
Another important feature of community identity is that they are universal. Everyone has a motherland, a mother tongue, a family etc. Hence, community identity is very important for human beings.
5. What do you know about minority commission?
Ans: It was in 1978 that the Union Home Ministry envisaged the need for setting up a special commission as an additional step for security among the minorities a sense of security and participation in national life. It was felt that despite the presence of several safeguards, there was persisting a feeling of inequality and discrimination among minorities. However, only in 1993, the National Commission for Minorities was constituted. It consists of a chairperson, a vicechair person and 5 members. They are nominated by the central Government. The all the members, including the chairman and vice- chairman belong to minority communities.
Functions of the Minority Commission includes the following:
(i) To monitor and evaluate the progress of the development of minorities.
(ii) The monitor the operational safeguards for protecting the interests of minorities.
(iii) To make recommendations for an effective implementation of safe guard and laws.
(iv) To study the problems faced by minorities and to suggest remedial actions etc.
On The basis of the reports and recommendations of the commission, the govt. takes necessary steps for securing the interests of minorities. Now, the National Commission for Minorities now enjoy a constitutional status.
6. What role minorities can play in maintaining – national unity?
Ans: In a country like India, we have religious and linguistic minorities. The Muslims are the largest religious minority in India constituting 13.4% of the population in 2001. The minorities wheather based on religion or language, can play a big role in maintaining national unity. Dr. Ambedkar – once opined that minorities are an explosive force, which it erupts can blow up the whole – fabric of the state. In India we have seen that the feeling of alienation among some Muslims in India in post-independence period have created lot of tensions so far as national integration is – concerned. Other than Muslims, we have Christians. Sikhs and Buddhist as religious minority. The constitution provided right to religion as fundamental right and thus ensured that religious right of every Indian is ensured. Dr. Ambedkar on protection of minorities once remarked that the minorities in India have agreed to place their existence in the hands of the majority. So he tried to make strong provisions in the constitution to safe guard the rights of the minorities. Religious or cultural minorities need special protection because of the demographic – dominance of the majority. If their rights and identities are well protected, they can do a lot in achieving national integration.
7. What are the basic characteristics of communalism?
Ans: Communalism is described as a tool to mobilise people for or against, by raising an appeal on communal lines, Following are the basic characteristice of communalism-
(i) Communalism is an ideological concept.
(ii) It mostly rests on prejudices.
(iii) It has a broader base which encompasses social, economic and political aspects, for its manifestations.
(iv) It causes rivalry and violence among masses.
(v) It is used by the higher class people and elites as an instrument for division and exploitations.
(vi) It strikes at the roots of secularism and national integration.
8. What are the major challenges faced by UNITY IN DIVERSITY.
Ans: Though many religious groups, cultures, languages, tribes etc. exists in India but they live with each other unitedly. But sometimes this unity in diversity faces many challenges due to some reasons.
Following are some of the major challenges faced by unity in diversity:
(i) Communalism: Communalism is nothing but an ideology which tries to encourage religious ideas of one religion among the people and which are totally against the ideas of other religious groups.
(ii) Casteism: The partial or extreme one sided loyalty to ones own caste may be termed as casteism. Casteism has led to many problems of society and become a mojar treat to national integration.
(iii) Regionalism: When anyone starts to love his region than the other then this is known as regionalism.
(iv) Linguism: Lingusm is the extreme love and loyalty to ones own language and hate others. Linguism also create a major problem in the unity of our nation.
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