SEBA Class 9 Elective History Additional Chapter 3 Industrial Revolution

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SEBA Class 9 Elective History Additional Chapter 3 Industrial Revolution

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American War of Independence

ADDITIONAL QUESTION ANSWER

[A] VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS:

1. How long did Industrial revolution last? 

Ans. Industrial revolution lasted about a century from the middle of the 18th cent to the middle of the 19th cent.

2. What is considered to be the mother of invention? 

Ans. Necessity is considered to be the mother of invention.

3. Where did Industrial Revolution start first? 

Ans. Industrial revolution started first in England.

4. Name two minerals which helped the emergence of industrial revolution in England first. 

Ans. The presence of iron and coal in England helped the starting of industrial revolution first in England.

5. Who was Jethro Tull?

Ans. Jethro Tull was the inventor of an agricultural machine named ‘Drill’ which enabled the sowing of seeds in rows through digging canals to yield more product.

6. Who was Lord Townshend?

Ans. Lord Townsend was the British man who advocated multiple farming as a method of farming.

7. Name two British who developed novel ways of cattle breeding.

Ans. Robert Bakewel and Charles Colling were the two British who developed novel ways of cattle breeding. 

8. Which Industrial sector witnessed industrial revolution first? 

Ans. Industrial revolution was first witnessed in the field of textile industry. 

9. What was the contribution of John Kay with regard to the development of textile industry?

Ans. In the year 1733, John Kay invented the ‘Flying Shuttle’ by which it became possible for the weavers to weave quickly and conveniently.

10. What was the contribution of Edmund Cartwright with regard to the development of textile industry? 

Ans. Edmund Cartwright’s contribution to the development of textile industry was the discovery of power looms.

11. Who was Eli Whitney? 

Ans. Eli Whitney was an American teacher who discovered a machine named ‘Gin’ in 1793 which helped the separation of seeds from cotton fibre very quickly.

12. Who was Samuel Slatter?

Ans. Samuel Slatter was a man who installed one cotton textile factory in America in 1791.

13. What and when did John Smiton invent? 

Ans. John Smiton invented the furnace to melt down the iron-ore in 1760.

14. Who was Henry Cort?

Ans. Henry Cort was the man who invented a new technique developing high quality steel in 1786. 

15. When did James Watt invent the steam engine?

Ans. James Watt invented the steam engine in 1769.

16. Who invented electric battery? 

Ans. Count Volta invented the electric battery.

17. Who is considered to be the father of electricity? 

Ans. Thomas Alva Edison is considered to be the father of electricity.

18. What was ‘Clarment’?

Ans. ‘Clarment’ was the name of the first successful steam boat developed by Robert Foulton which sailed in the Hudson river.

19. What was the speed of the first successful steam boat developed by Robert Foulton? 

Ans. The speed of the first successful steam boat developed by Robert Foulton was 10 km per hour.

20. Who discovered that the thunder power of the sky and electric power were the same power? 

Ans. Benjamin Franklin discovered that the thunder power of the sky and electric power were the same power.

21. Who and when was the rail engine invented?

Ans. George Stephenson discovered the rail engine in 1829. 

22. What was ‘Rocket’?

Ans. ‘Rocket’ was the first successful train constructed by George Stephenson which ran a distance of 48 km at the speed of 23 km per hour. 

23. What is the distance of Tans-Siberian Railway line?

Ans. The distance of Trans-Siberian Railway line is about 6400 km.

24. When and who established cotton mill in Belgium? 

Ans. In 1799, English industrialists, William Cockerill, has established cotton mill in Belgium.

25. Who are the inventors of areoplane? 

Ans. Wilbar and Orville Wright of America are the inventors of areoplane.

26. What is Samuel F. B. Morse famous for?

Ans. Samuel F.B. Morse is famous for the invention of telegraph in 1876.

27. Who and when was telephone invented? 

Ans. Telephone was invented by Graham Bell of America in 1876.

28. Who invented Radio? 

Ans. Marconi of Italy invented Radio or wireless telegraph in 1876.

29. Who invented Dynamo? 

Ans. The inventor of Dynamo was Michael Faraday.

30. In which year and who discovered the new fertilizers? 

Ans. In 1840, the German chemist Gustus Von Liebig discovered the new fertilizers such as Potash, Nitrogen and Phosphorous.

31. What is Cyrus Mecormik famous for? 

Ans. Cyrus Mecormik is famous for the discovery of mechanical reaper.

32. When did the labourers of England get permission to start trade unions? 

Ans. The labourers of England got permission to start Trade Unions in 1825.

33. Where did Henry Ford establish his motor car manufacturing unit?

Ans. Henry Ford established his motor car manufacturing unit in United Kingdom, France, Germany and Canada.

34. When was cooperative system introduced in England?

Ans. Cooperative system was introduced in England in 1844. 

35. Who are the authors of ‘Communist Manifesto’? 

Ans. The authors of ‘Communist Manifesto’ were Karl Marx and Frederick Angels.

36. Who was the leader of Bolshevik party in Russia?

Ans. Lenin was the leader of the Bolshevik party in Russia.

37. Name two scientists associated with the discovery of pasteurization.

Ans. Two scientists associated with the discovery of pasteurization are Jospeh Lister and Louis Pasteur. 

38. What is Edward Genner famous for? 

Ans. Edward Genner is famous for the discovery of the vaccine for small pox.

[B] SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS:

1. What was the nature of Industrial Revolution? Why is it called a revolution?

Ans. The chief features of Industrial Revolution were the substitution of hand labour by machinery, the use of steam as a motive power and large-scale manufacture of goods in factories which supplanted the domestic system of production. Secondly, it originated slowly and gradually. Thirdly, it was a silent upheaval unlike other revolution.

It is called a revolution as it brought tremendous changes in the social, economic and political life of man. It was a silent upheaval which changed the face of the world. 

2. Why did the Industrial Revolution begin first in the field of cotton textile industry?

Ans. Several factors were responsible for the beginning of Industrial Revolution in the cotton textile industry. During the latter half of the 18th century the cotton textile industry had become one of the foremost industries in England. The raw-materials, the raw-cotton, was easily available within the country as England had ideal climate for the cultivation of cotton. Secondly, the British overseas colonies like India and America had an abundant supply of cheap raw-cotton. British trade policy helped the importing of raw-cotton from the colonies at a cheap rate. Hence, this industry received greater attention than others and therefore a lot of new inventions occurred in this sector.

3. What were the inventions and discoveries which revolutionised the cotton textile industry?

Ans. The cotton textile industry was the first industry to be affected by the Industrial Revolution. Several inventions and discoveries completely altered the very nature of this industry. The ‘Flying shuttle’ of John Kay, ‘Spinning Jenny’ of James Hargraves, ‘Water Frame’ of Richard Arkwright, ‘Spinning Mule’ of Samuel Crompton, ‘Power loom’ of Edmund Cartwright and the ‘Cotton Gin’ of Eli Whitney totally revolutionised this industry and made cotton textile production, faster, cheaper and large-scale. 

4. Which were the inventions which revolutionised the field of power?

Ans.During the 18th cent. several inventions completely transformed the field of power. The first revolutionary step in the field of power was the replacement of water-power by steam power. The invention of steam engine by James Watt in 1769 completely revolutionised the field of power. Alessandro Volta invented the electric battery while Michael Faraday invented the Dynamo. The most important invention in this field was the discovery of electricity by Thomas Alva Edison in 1879.

5. Which were the inventions which transformed the field of transport and communication? 

Ans. Industrial Revolution also completely transformed the field of transport and communication. John Macadam’s method of road- making known as ‘Macadamising process’ became highly popular and a great deal of motorable roads came to be constructed in England and America. The rail engine by George Stephenson, steam-boat by Robert Foulton, construction of modern ships and the invention of areoplane by Wright Brothers of America transformed the transport system of the world. Telegraph by Samuel Morse, telephone by Alexander Gram Bell and Radio by Marconi were the major inventions which revolutionised the field of communications.

6. What is factory system?

Ans. The system of large-scale production in large factories by the use of huge machines involving a large number of labourers with the division of labour and standardisation of the process of production came to be known as factory system. The factories are owned by rich capitalists who often exploit the workers to their advantage and take all the profit for themselves.

7. Which were the new towns which sprang up in England as a result of the Industrial Revolution?

Ans. The Industrial Revolution resulted in the emergence of several new industrial towns all over England. Manchester, Lancashire, Sheffield, Brimingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool, Bradford, etc. were the new towns which came into prominence during this period.

8. Why was Industrial Revolution in Europe delayed? 

Ans. Industrial Revolution originated first in England due to the favourable conditions prevalent in that country. Although some of these conditions existed in Europe as well, still Industrial Revolution did not break out in the European continent due to the chaos and turmoil created by Napoleon. Secondly, Europe lacked the scientific temperament and the scientists and inventors of the calibre of English inventors like Edmand Cartwright, James Watt, George Stephenson, John Macadam, etc. Thirdly, the monarchs of Europe was not so keenly interested in promoting industrial development unlike their counter-parts in England.

9. How did Agricultural Revolution help the rise of Industrial Revolution?

Ans. The Agricultural Revolution which preceded the industrial Revolution greatly contributed to the latter’s origin. The mechanisation of agriculture brought in as a consequence of agricultural revolution freed a good number of people employed in agriculture. This created surplus labour force which migrated to the newly sprung up industrial towns. This availability of cheap labour helped the development of Industrial Revolution in England. Secondly, the expansion of cotton cultivation in England called for better machines and implements to increase the production boosting the industrial production of agriculture- related machines

10. How did the colonial expansion of England help Industrial Revolution?

Ans. One of the primary causes which led to the origin of Industrial Revolution in England was the existence of a vast colonial empire. 

The colonial empire provided three basic elements required for industrial development:

(i) supply of cheap raw-materials. 

(ii) huge capital was obtained from the drain of wealth from the colonies as well as from trade and commerce with the colonies

(iii) excellent markets for finished products.

11. Which were the main inventions which transformed the coal and iron industries.

Ans. Industrial Revolution brought far-reaching changes in the coal and iron industries. The replacement of charcoal by coal for the purpose of smelting iron and later the replacement of coal by coke brought radical changes in this sector. Darby’s blast furnace, John Smiton’s pump blower, Henry Cort’s process of making wrought iron and finally Henry Bessemer’s process of making steel completely revolutionised this industry.

12. Why is that Belgium became the next country after England to get industrialized?

Ans. The reasons why Belgium became the next country after England to get industrialized were:

(i) Belgium was the most populated country of Europe and so the demand for various goods was very high.

(ii) Most of the citizens of England were city-dwellers.

(iii) It was an open country with lots of affinity to the British. 

So, the British were able to establish a lot of factories in this country.

13. Why was the industrialization of France delayed? 

Ans. Compared to other European countries industrialization in France was slow due to the Existence of feudalism even in the 19th cent. Secondly, Concentration of economic power in the hands of the aristocrats. Thirdly, the French people were much more interested in agriculture than in industry unlike their counter-parts in England. Fourthly, Industrial production was limited only to the production of certain luxurious items meant for the rich people.

14. Mention the development of water transport during the early part of the 19th century.

Ans. Water-transport made rapid progress during the early part of the 19th century as it could transport finished products as well as raw-materials with minimum expenditure. The first steam boat named ‘Clarment’ was developed by Robert Foulton. It first sailed in the Hudson river travelling 240 km from New York to Aluny in 23 hours at the speed of 10 km per hour. Soon after this ships began to be made. The first inter-ocean ship was a ship named ‘Serius’ which crossed the Atlantic in 18 days in the year 1838.

15. What were the chief objections raised against the first train developed by George Stephenson?

Ans. The first successful rail engine developed by George Stephenson was named ‘Rocket’. It successfully ran a distance of 48 km at the speed of 23 km per hour. 

The main objections raised against this means of transport were:

(i) It was too noisy.

(ii) It was very slow.

(iii) It created a lot of smoke which pollute the air.

(iv) Some people felt that the near-by houses to the railway line would catch fire and the domestic animals might get frightened by the noise, etc.

16. Mention three factors that contributed to the development of motor car.

Ans. Three factors that contributed to the development of motor car are rapid development of iron and steel industries by the beginning of the 19th century. Secondly, trade and commerce had increased the extent of travel by people. Thirdly, the cost of car had considerably come down, etc.

17. What is known as specialization process or division of labour?

Ans. The industrial revolution resulted in the creation of large scale production in huge factories involving hundreds of people. Generally large scale production cannot be done by one man. This called for division of labour whereby each worker only completes a particular task associated with the production. This came to be known as specialization process or division of labour.

18. How did the middle class come up as a result of Industrial Revolution?

Ans. One of the major consequences of Industrial Revolution was the rise of middle class. The expansion of trade and commerce made many ordinary people slightly rich. The new entrepreneurs, the businessmen, the professionals started amassing considerable wealth as a result of the development in the various sectors of the economy. They eventually became a powerful political force in the world.

19. What is known as ‘Chartist’ movement? What was its result?

Ans. The rise of chartist movement is one of the major results of Industrial Revolution. As the power and position of the workers improved as a result of industrial revolution, they began to demand for certain political rights including the voting right. This movement of the workers came to be known as chartist movement. The result of this movement was that British government under pressure granted voting right to workers in 1867 through acts known as reform acts.

20. When were the workers allowed to form trade unions in England? What were their main demands?

Ans. The workers were given the right to form trade unions in 1825. Some of their early demands were eight hours of work in a day, more hygienic and safe working conditions, increase in wages, ban on child labour, etc.

21. Who was Robert Owen?

Ans. Robert Owen was a British industrialist who is associated with the development of cooperative movement among the workers. Though he was an industrialist he also worked for the welfare of the workers. He made workers part of the management and shared the profit of the company with them. He wanted the industries to be managed by workers and capitalists together on a cooperative basis.

22. What was the contribution of Karl Marx?

Ans. Karl Marx is considered to be the founder of communism. He became famous for his immortal work ‘Das Capital’ in which he explained the cause for the worker’s problems and how it can solved through taking over the process of production by workers. Karl Marx and Frederick Angels together wrote ‘Communist Manifesto’ which highlighted the principles of communism. Karl Marx organized the ‘International working men’s Association’ in 1864 with a view to destroy capitalism His theory resulted in the formation of a government by the proletariat in Russia in 1917.

23. Which political party was formed in the latter part of the 19th century. in Russia? Which were the divisions of this party?

Ans. In the latter part of the 19th century, a party named Socialist Democratic political party was formed. Later, this party split into two main groups named Menshevik party and Bolshevik party.

24. What is called October Revolution of 1917? Which party is responsible for this Revolution?

Ans. The overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of a government by the workers in Russia by the Bolshevik party headed by Lenin in 1917 came to be known as October Revolution. It is called October revolution because this event happened in October according to the Russian Calendar. Hence, this event came to be known as October Revolution.

25. Mention four medical discoveries that revolutionized medical field.

Ans. Four medicinal discoveries that revolutionized medical field are:

(i) Discovery of anesthetics which helped better diagnosis as well as operations of internal parts of the human body.

(ii) Discovery of pasteurization method by Louis Pasteur;

(iii) Discovery of the real cause of cholera; and 

(iv) Invention of X-ray by Wilhem Roentgen.

[C] LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS: 

1. Name the major inventions and discoveries that brought Industrial Revolution.

Ans. Industrial revolution in various fields:

(i) Revolution in the cotton textile field: The first industry to be affected by the Industrial Revolution was the cotton textile industry. This was primarily due to the various inventions in this sector which completely revolutionized the cotton textile production. In 1733, John Kay invented the ‘Flying Shuttle’ which doubled the speed of weaving. In 1764, James Hargraves invented another mechanical device called the ‘Spinning Jenny’ which enabled a spinner to work even hundred spindles at a time. The whole process was further improved by Richard Arkwright who developed the ‘Water Frame’ operated by water- power. In 1779, Samuel Crompton invented a machine named ‘Spinning Mule’ which combined the features of both the Spinning Jenny and Water Frame. A few years later, Rev. Edmand Cartwright invented the ‘Powerloom’ or the automatic loom, a weaving machine worked by water power instead of hand. This invention totally revolutionized the textile production. The ‘Cotton Gin’ of Eli Whitney further improved-the cotton textile production.

(ii) Revolution in the field of power production: At first for the movement of mechanical devices and turning of wheels and motors, the water power was used. The whole position was revolutionized when the steam engine was invented. James Watt’s invention of steam power revolutionized not only the working of machines in factories but also in the mining and transport industries. The invention of voltaic cell by Alexandro Volta and that of Dynamo by Michael Faraday totally transformed the field of power-generation. However, the greatest invention in this sector was the discovery of electricity by Thomas Alva Edison in 1879. The introduction of electric power, which replaced the steam power further revolutionized industrial production.

(iii) Revolution in the coal and iron industries: England was fortunate to have large deposits of iron. But unfortunately, the process of extracting pure iron form the iron ore was still primitive. Darby invented the blast furnace which used leather bellows. Henry Cort introduced a new technique called the ‘Pudding Process’ for the purification of pig iron. In 1856, Henry Bessemer invented the ‘Bessmer’ process of making steel direct from cast iron.’ The invention of ‘Safety Lamp’ by Humphrey Devy made the working in coal mines safer. All these inventions and techniques led to the establishment of huge iron and steel factories in England manufacturing a variety of iron and steel products. The development in this sector eventually led to the development of other sectors such as transport, communication, ship-building, automobile industry, etc.

(iv) Transport and communication: Industrial Revolution also completely transformed the field of transport and communication. John Macadam’s method of road-making became popular and a great deal of motorable roads came to be constructed. The inventions of rail engine by George Stevenson, steam-boat by Robert Foulton, construction of modern ships, the invention of areoplane by Wright brothers of America, etc. brought radical changes in transport. The invention of telegraph by Samuel Morse, telephone by Alexander Gram Bell and Radio by Marconi were the major inventions which revolutionised the field of transport and communications.

(v) Medical field: Several discoveries and inventions occurred in the field of medical field which revolutionised the field. Anesthetics were discovered as a result of the study of chemistry and physics. Dr. Crawford, W’Long in 1842 and Dr T.G Morton; a dentist of Boston successfully applied anesthesia in surgery in 1846. Jospeh Lister and Louis Pasteur discovered pasteurization. Edward Genner invented the vaccine for small pox. Meanwhile, a German scientist named Robert Koche of Germany discovered the cause of cholera and this helped the discovery of proper medicine against the bacteria of cholera. Another major discovery that boosted the medical field was the invention of X-Ray by Wilhem Roentgen. It enabled better diagnosis and better operations of the internal parts of the human body. In 1898, Madam Curie assisted by her husband Pierre Curie discovered Radium. This discovery helped the cure of many diseases including that of cancer. All these medical discoveries made life safer, more lasting and healthier.

2. What are the major social effects of Industrial Revolution?

Ans. The term ‘Industrial Revolution’ refers to an economic revolution which began in England in the latter half of the 18th cent. which brought about fundamental changes in industrial production as well as in living, working, travelling, etc. as a result of the application of science. This Revolution had far-reaching consequences which affected every aspect of human life. 

Its main social effects are the following:

(i) Rise of two new classes: Industrial Revolution created two new classes, namely, the capitalists and the working class. The capitalists owned the factories and secured all the profits for themselves and continued to grow richer and richer day by day. The workers had to slog for long hours in unhealthy conditions in the factories yet his pay was poor and low and had to live in unhealthy living conditions with bare minimum amenities. They therefore began to organise themselves into trade unions and cooperative groups to seek better pay and better working conditions. This resulted in social tension between the two groups. The rise of communism and socialism was the one of the inevitable consequences of industrial revolution.

(ii) Led to the depopulation of villages: The Industrial Revolution led to the depopulation of villages. The village artisans and agricultural labourers began to move in large numbers to new cities which had come up in the wake of Industrial Revolution. The depopulation of village and the migration of people from the villages not only affected agricultural production but also the social set-up in England.

(iii) Growth of cities: Industrial Revolution caused the rise of several new industrial towns and cities. The influx of people around the factories resulted in the growth of cities. Thus, Britain was increasingly urbanized as a result of the Industrial Revolution. The famous cities of Birmingham, Manchester, Lancashire, Liverpool, Glasgow, Leeds, Bradford, Sheffield, etc, which were once upon a time insignificant centers now became key industrial centres after the Industrial Revolution.

(iv) Ruthless exploitation and misery: The phenomenal growth of the industrial cites led to the unhealthy living conditions and developments of slums. The workers were forced to live in small tenements where there were no facilities for lighting, heating, sanitation and hygiene. The awful working conditions in the factory added to their misery. The hours of work were long and pay poor. The worst sufferers were the children who were exploited to the last. The inhuman treatment melted out to them finds no parallel elsewhere.

(v) Made living comfortable: Living became comfortable as a result of the numerous inventions which took place particularly during the first phase of the Industrial Revolution. Railways, steamships, telegraph, telephone, motor cars, better clothes, electricity, etc. provided a wide range of comforts to the common man. Luxuries and high standard of living became the hallmark of the average European since the latter half of the 18th cent.

[D] SHORT NOTES ON:

1. Effect of Industrial Revolution on India: Industrial Revolution which started in England negatively affected India. During the 17th and early part of the 18th century, India exported a great deal of silk, cotton and other items of craftsmanship to England earning in the process huge profit. With the dawn of Industrial Revolution, the situation completely altered. The vital raw-materials available in India were exported to England and their factory-made products were imported into the country. Thus, India became an agricultural colony as well as a ready market for the British industries. The British Government in India followed a free market policy with regard to the export and import of British goods. The overall result of this development was that the cottage and village industries of India couldn’t survive the competition. The decline of cottage and village industries made thousands jobless and the economic situation of the villages declined considerably, Besides, the pressure on agriculture increased as the jobless now flocked to agriculture leading to low production and decline of profit. The overall result was that the once flourishing Indian economy became a dependent economy.

2. Capitalism: Capitalism is an economic way of life where in the rich industrialists control the means and resources of production, market, industrial development, commerce, trade, banking, etc., to their advantage. They stand for a free play of market forces and oppose any state control. They advocate the doctrine of ‘Laissez Faire’ or a policy of ‘leave us alone.’ Industrial Revolution is greatly responsible for the emergence of capitalism during the 18th century. The establishment of factories and huge workshops resulted in the rise of a new class of industrial capitalists who became richer day by day and used their surplus capital for further investment. All these brought massive wealth which made them a power in the world. Soon they began to influence political decisions and tried to control the affairs of the state in their favour.
3. Laissez Faire: The policy of non-interference by the government in trade and industry is called the theory of ‘Laissez Faire’ or ‘leave us alone’ policy. This doctrine was propagated by the English economist Adam Smith in his famous work ‘The Wealth of Nations’ in 1776. This doctrine was supported by the industrialists and capitalists of the time and became the bedrock of their policies of exploitation of the workers. According to this theory, the businessmen and industrialists should be left free to decide the course of action with regard to production, distribution, selling and dealing with workers. They should be left free to decide the conditions of work and the payment of the workers. This policy therefore eventually led to the exploitation of workers with maximum hours of work in unhealthy conditions of work, employment of women and children and low pay. As the workers realized their plight they began to form trade unions and eventually they demanded governmental intervention in the matters of work and living conditions. During the modern times, this policy was given up and everyone accepted the fact that the government has the legitimate right to regulate trade and industrial production in a country.