SEBA Class 9 Elective History Additional Chapter 4 Russian Revolution

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SEBA Class 9 Elective History Additional Chapter 4 Russian Revolution

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Russian Revolution

ADDITIONAL QUESTION ANSWER

[A] VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS:

1. How was Russia known to the western world during the medieval period?

Ans. During the medieval period Russia was known as ‘land Barbar to the civilized western world.

2. Which Russian czar can be considered as the ‘father of modern Russia’? 

Ans. Peter the Great of Russia can be considered as the ‘father of modern Russia.’

3. Name a German princess who tried to introduce a lot of reforms in Russia.

Ans. A German princess named Catherine II who became the Czarina of Russia in 1762 tried to introduce a lot of reforms in Russia. 

4. What was ‘Third Section’?

Ans. The secret agency of the police department of Russia during the period of Czars came to be known as Third Section. 

5. Which Russian Czar took part in the Congress of Vienna?

Ans. Alexander I took part in the Congress of Vienna in 1815.

6. Who was the Russian Czar during the Crimean war? 

Ans. The Russian Czar during the Crimean war was Czar Nicholas I.

7. Who issued the Edict of Emancipation of 1861?

Ans. Czar Alexander II issued the ‘Edict of Emancipation’ in 1861.

8. When was the ‘Third International Labour Organisation’ formed? 

Ans. The ‘Third International Labour Organisation’ was formed in the year 1919. 

9. Who initiated Industrial Revolution In Russia?

Ans. Sergius de Witte initiated Industrial Revolution in Russia.

10. Which Russian Czar gave a lot of encouragement to industrial development of Russia? 

Ans. Czar Alexander III gave a lot of encouragement to industrial development of Russia.

11. Which Czar contributed most for the outbreak of Russian Revolution in 1917? 

Ans. Czar Nicholas II contributed most for the outbreak of Russian Revolution in 1917.

12. Who was the successor of Czar Alexander III? 

Ans. The successor of Czar Alexander III was Czar Nicholas II.

13. Who was empress Alexandra? 

Ans. Empress Alexandra was the wife of Czar Nicholas II.

14. Which priest controlled the affairs of Russia through the Empress during the time of Czar Nicholas II? 

Ans. A priest named Rajputin controlled the affairs of Russia through the Empress during the time of Czar Nicholas II. 

15. Who founded the Russian Social Democratic party in 1883? 

Ans. George Plekhanov founded the Russian Social Democratic party in 1883.

16. Who was the leader of Bolshevik party? 

Ans. Lenin was the leader of Bolshevik party.

17. What was the immediate cause of revolution of 1905? 

Ans. The immediate cause of the Revolution of 1905 was the defeat of Russia during the Russo-Japanese war in 1905.

18. Who was the Czar during the time of the Russian Revolution?

Ans. Czar Nicholas II was the Czar during the time of the Russian Revolution.

19. What was the strength of Russian army during the World War II?

Ans. The strength of the Russian army during the World War II was over one crore and fifty lakhs.

20. When did Czar Nicholas II resign? 

Ans. Czar Nicholas II resigned in March 15, 1917.

21. Which dynasty was ruling Russia at the outbreak of Russian Revolution? 

Ans. The Romanov dynasty was ruling Russia at the time of the outbreak of Russian Revolution.

22. When was a new party called Progressive Block formed? 

Ans. Progressive Block was formed in the year 1916.

23. Who were the two main leaders of October Revolution? 

Ans. The two main leaders of October Revolution were Lenin and Trotsky.

24. When did the government of Kerensky fall? 

Ans. The government of Kerensky fell on Nov. 6, 1917.

25. Give the exact date of October Revolution in Russia according to the Russian calendar.

Ans. The exact date of October Revolution in Russia was on 24 October, 1917 according to the Russian calendar. 

26. What was the immediate cause for October Revolution?

Ans. The immediate cause October Revolution was the defeat of Russia during the First World War. 

27. Which party led the March Revolution in Russia?

Ans. The Menshevik party led the March Revolution in Russia.

28. Which agency became the supreme authority of Russia after the October Revolution?

Ans. The Supreme Soviet or Congress became the highest authority of Russia after the October Revolution.

29. How was the army of the Communist Russia known?

Ans. The army of the Communist Russia came to be known as Red Army. 

30. Who is considered to be the father of scientific socialism? 

Ans. Karl Marx is considered to be the father of scientific socialism.

31. Where do we find the following statement ‘History of mankind is the history of class struggle’?

Ans. The statement ‘History of mankind is the history of class struggle’ is found in the ‘Communist Manifesto’ written by Karl Marx.

32. When was Czar Nicholas II along with his family sentenced to death?

Ans. Czar Nicholas II along with his family was sentenced to death on 16th July, 1918.

33. What was the original name of Lenin?

Ans. The original name of Lenin was Vladimir Illis William.

[B] SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS: 

1. Why was Russia called’ Land Barbar’?

Ans. Russia is a land rocked country and is surrounded by land on all four sides. Being surrounded by land from all sides, Russia had no easy access to the western countries. As a result in spite of being a European country, the changes that occurred in Europe by way of Renaissance, reformation etc., did not affect Russia. Therefore the Russia remained practically uncivilized unlike the European countries of the west. Hence Russia came to be known as ‘Land Barbar’.

2. What was the contribution of Peter the Great? 

Ans. Peter the Great (1682-1725) can be considered the father of modern Russia. He initiated a lot of social, economic and political changes in Russia after he visited several European countries. He followed a strong foreign policy and made Russia ready to play a significant role in international politics.

3. Who was Czar Alexander I?

Ans. Czar Alexander I was a great ruler of Russia who became famous for this fight against Napoleon Bonaparte of France. He played a significant role during the Congress of Vienna held in 1815 after the downfall of Napoleon. He extended the territorial boundaries of Russia to a large extent. He played a major role in European politics in the first two decades of 19th cent.

4. State three reasons for the downfall of Romanov dynasty in Russia. 

Ans. Three reasons for the downfall of Romanov dynasty in Russia were the following:

(i) Defeat of Russia by Japan during the Russo-Japan war of 1904-1905.

(ii) The last Czar, Nicholas II was totally controlled by Empress Alexandra who was greatly influenced by a notorious priest named Rajputin. 

(iii) The defeat of Russia during the First World war, etc. 

5. What is ‘Mir’?

Ans. After the emancipation of serfs by the edict of Emancipation of 1861, the government distributed lands to the freed serfs through an agency known as ‘Mir’. This agency was something like a Village Panchayat which supervised the settlement of the freed serfs on the government land for a period of 49 years. During this period they could pay the price of the land and obtain a certificate of possession from Mir. 

6. Why was Czar Alexander II called’ Czar Liberator’?

Ans. Czar Alexander II freed thousands of serfs bonded to their masters by an edict called ‘Edict of Emancipation’ in 1861. After freeing them from the control of the zamindars and rich aristocrats, he distributed government lands to them for a period of 49 years through an agency known as ‘Mir’. As he freed thousands of bonded serfs from slavery, Czar Alexander Il came to be known as’ Czar liberator’.

7. Mention four reforms introduced by Czar Alexander II. 

Ans. Four reforms introduced by Czar Alexander II were the following:

(i) He abolished serfdom from Russia by an edict named ‘Edict of Emancipation’ in 1861

(ii) He reformed judiciary and introduced free judicial service 

(iii) He introduced some kind of local government called Zemstvo

(iv) He provided freedom of the press, freedom of visit to foreign countries, etc.

8 . Which were the two classes of Russia? 

Ans. The two classes of Russia were the aristocrats or the rich and the peasants or the poor. There was no middle class. The aristocrats owned the land and possessed a number of serfs who could be sold or bought along with the land. The peasants were exploited by the rich class, the church and the state.

9. Who was Sergius de Witte?

Ans. Sergius de Witte was the man who initiated Industrial Revolution in Russia during the time of Czar Alexander III. Under his guidance and invitation many foreign industrialists came to Russia and set up many factories. This helped the beginning of industrialisation of Russia.

10. Who formed Russian social democratic party? Which were the parties that broke away from this party?

Ans. A Russian named George Plekhanov founded a party named Russian Social Democratic party in 1883. However in 1903, this party broke into two groups named Mensheviks and Bolsheviks. Kerensky was the leader of the Menshevik party while Lenin became the leader of Bolshevik party.

11. Name four political parties that came up in Russia prior to the Russian Revolution.

Ans. One of the factors that prepared the ground for the Russian Revolution was the emergence of several political parties in Russia. These were the Russian Social Democratic party, Social Democratic labour party, Socialist Revolutionary party, Cadet Trodbic, Octoberists, etc. Later the Russian Social Democratic party broke into two parties named Menshevik party and Bolshevik party.

12. Why is the reign of Czar Nicholas I considered ‘Augustian age of Russia’?

Ans. The reign of Czar Nicholas I (1825-55) came to be known as ‘Augustian age of Russia’ because there was a tremendous development of Russian literature during this period. He gave ,royal patronage to the writers. As a result of the royal patronage many writers such as Ruskin, Dostoievski, Turgeniv, Gogol produced a lot of literature which were widely read by the public. 13. Which were the two stages of Russian Revolution?

Ans. The Russian Revolution consisted of the following two stages: 

(i) The revolution of 1905 which sought to establish a constitutional government.

(ii) The revolution of 1917 which attempted to end the Czarist rule in Russia. The revolution of 1917 consisted of the March/February revolution and the October/November Revolution.

14. What was the immediate cause for the revolution of 1905?

Ans. The immediate cause for the revolution of 1905 was the defeat of Russia by Japan during the Russo-Japanese war of 1904- 05. The people of Russia held the autocratic, corrupted and the feeble government of Czar Nicholas II responsible for the defeat. It created public anger and outcry against the government leading to widespread riots in the country which eventually led to the event of the Bloody Sunday’ on Jan 22, 1905 killing hundreds of people by the royal soldiers.

15. What were the chief results of the Revolution of 1905? 

Ans. Although the Revolution of 1905 failed yet it had several far- reaching consequences. It strengthened the labour movements and the Anti-Czarist feelings all over the country. The revolutionary movement for freedom received a boost. The workers and the peasant learnt to stand against their oppressors. The revolution of 1905 prepared the ground for the real Revolution of 1917.

16. Mention some of the demands of the revolutionaries during the revolution of 1905.

Ans. Some of the demands of the revolutionaries during the revolution of 1905 were individual liberty, right to property, freedom of speech and press, more power to the autonomous bodies, creation of representative bodies, the starting of new constituent Assembly, etc.

17. What was known as October Manifesto’? 

Ans. The promises made by Czar Nicholas II to the general public at the conclusion of revolution in October, 1905 came to be known as ‘October Manifesto’. Through the Manifesto the Czar promised to confer the power upon the Duma to enact laws for the country and gave the right to vote to all citizens. The ‘October Manifesto’ was executed by a declaration on 24 December 1905.

18. What is known as March/February Revolution of 1917?

Ans. The abdication of power by Czar Nicholas II in February, 1917 and forming of a new government under the prime ministership of Prince George Lvov came to be known as February Revolution. As the event occurred in February according to the Russian calendar the event came to be known as February Revolution. It is also known as March Revolution as it happened in March according to the English calendar.

19. Who formed the interim government after the overthrow of Czarist rule? Who were the ministers of this government.

Ans. After the overthrow of the Czarist rule an interim government headed by Prince George Lvov was formed with the help of Petrograd Soviet. Myshukov became the foreign minister while Gusgkav was the war minister. Alexander Kerensky, the leader of Menshevik party became the law minister.

20. How did Alexander Kerensky become the Prime Minister of Russia?

Ans. The interim government formed by Prince George Lvov could not bring peace and order in the country. Thousands of Russians died during the first phase of the First world war. This created uproar and widespread riots in the country. As a result of the public anger Prime Minister George Lvov was forced to resign in August, 1917 and Alexander Kerensky, the leader of Menshevik party became the prime minister of Russia.

21. What was the impact of French Revolution on Russian Revolution?

Ans. The French Revolution of 1789 profoundly influenced Russian Revolution. During the war against Napoleon Bonaparte many Russian soldiers who had to stay several years in France came to be in contact with French people who were filled with the ideas of liberty, fraternity, democracy, free judiciary, social justice, individual rights etc. Later, the Russian soldiers spread these fine ideals in Russia.

22. Why did Russia withdraw from the First World War? 

Ans. Soon after assuming power in October, 1917 the Bolshevik party headed by Lenin signed a peace treaty with Germany named the treaty of Brest-Litovsk by which Russia withdrew from the First World War. The main reason for the withdrawal was the terrible defeat suffered by the Russian army. Nearly 10 lakh soldiers were killed during the first year of the war and over one lakh and fifty thousand were taken as prisoners. All these created uproar in the country. Lack of men to work in the fields led to acute shortage of foodstuff in the country. Under these circumstances, the new soviet government under Lenin withdrew from the war in March, 1918.

3. How did the First World War contribute to the outbreak of Russian Revolution?

Ans. The immediate cause for the outbreak of Russian Revolution in February, 1917 was the First World War. During the first year of the war, the Russian army had to suffer terrible defeat. Nearly 10 lakh Russian soldiers were killed and over one lakh and fifty thousand were taken prisoners. This created national upsurge and the Bolshevik party wanted the government to withdraw from the war. The continuation of the war caused widespread rioting and violence in the country which forced Czar Nicholas II to abdicate power in February 1917 and hand over power to an interim government led by Prince George Lvov.

24. What were the policies adopted by the New Economic policy by Lenin?

Ans. The main policies adopted by the New Economic policy initiated by Lenin were the following:

(i) Revenue was collected from the peasants in stead of crops.

(ii) Sale of surplus production was allowed.

(iii) Right to private trading was granted.

(iv) Foreign public loans were arranged to boost trade.

25. Mention three important aspects of Karl Marx’s ideology. 

Ans. Three important aspect of Karl Marx’s ideology are the following:

(i) Economy is the foundation of society. Therefore, the class struggle between the capitalists and workers is inevitable.

(ii) Wealth is the fruit of labour which should be shared with the workers.

(iii) Capitalism is the root of all evils and so it must be abolished.

26. What were the chief causes for the Russian Revolution? 

Ans. The Russian Revolution is considered as one of the landmark events in the history of the world. It originated chiefly as a result of such causes as the autocratic Czarist regime, the miserable condition of the peasantry, emergence of the working class, rise of labour movements, rise of revolutionary parties, influence of Russian writers, etc.

27. What was the contribution of Czar Nicholas II towards the outbreak of the Russian Revolution?

Ans. The personality of Czar Nicholas II was partly responsible for the revolutionary upheaval in Russia in 1917. He was totally under the influence of Czarina who was controlled by an immoral monk named Rasputin. Isolation from the common man and inefficiency marked his rule. He totally failed to satisfy the political aspirations of the common man, the intelligentsia and the working-class. All these factors precipitated the crisis and made the revolution inevitable.

28. What were the chief results of Russo-Japanese war 1904- 05 on Russia?

Ans. The Russo-Japanese war of 1904-05 had far-reaching impact on Russia. Russia’s defeat in the war by a small nation like Japan lowered her international standing and made her an insignificant international power. The financial distress which followed the war made Russia totally depend on France, making her an instrument of French policy. The economic hardships caused by the war resulted in the revolution of 1905 which became a dress rehearsal for the actual revolution in 1917.

29. What was the contribution of Lenin? 

Ans. Vladimir Illis William popularly known as Lenin was the chief leader of the Bolshevik party. All credit for preparing the soil for the Bolshevik revolution in October, 1917 goes to Lenin who through books, leaflets, speeches and organisation of Soviets prepared the ground for the world’s first successful communist revolution. After the Revolution, Lenin became the Head of the New Soviet Government and set Russia on a path of rapid modernisation and development.

30. Who were Bolsheviks?

Ans. The majority party headed by Lenin which broke away from the Russian Social Democratic party during the Brussels conference in 1903 came to be known as the Bolshevik party. The Bolsheviks stood for the establishment of a government by the working class and the overthrow of the monarchy from Russia. They were responsible for the October Revolution of 1917 in Russia.

31. Who were Mensheviks?

Ans. The minority party headed by Alexander Kerensky which broke away from the Russian Social Democratic party during the Brussels conference in 1903 came to be known as the Mensheviks. The Mensheviks stood for the establishment of democratic institutions through gradual means and were opposed to any form of violent revolutions. They were responsible for the March Revolution of 1917 in Russia.

32. What was the contribution of Alexander Kerensky? 

Ans. Alexander Kerensky was the most prominent leader of the Menshevik party. He became the head of the new government formed after the resignation of prime minister Prince George Lvov in August, 1917. He was a democratic and wanted the establishment of democratic institutions in Russia in a gradual manner. However, he was unable to bring peace and order in the country and so the Bolshevik party headed by Lenin captured power from him forcing him to run away to America. He spent rest of his life in America initiating a movement against the Bolshevik party in Russia.

3. Who was Rajputin?

Ans. Rajputin was an immoral monk in Russia during the time of Czar Nicholas II. He controlled the affairs of the government and the court through the Czarina. He led a scandalous life. He exerted a lot of influence upon the Czar and controlled much of Czar’s decisions precipitating the movement towards the revolution in 1917. He was partly responsible for the decline and overthrow of Romanov dynasty of Russia.

34. Mention three most important achievements of the Russian Revolution on Russia. 

Ans. The first achievement of the Russian Revolution in Russia was the overthrew of the autocracy, destruction of aristocracy and the power of the church. Secondly, it created world’s first socialist society. Thirdly the Czarist empire was transformed into a new state called the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic.

35. Mention three international results of Russian Revolution. 

Ans. Three international results of Russian Revolution were the following:

(i) Spread of socialism and communism.

(ii) It served to hasten the end of imperialism. 

(iii) It taught the value of economic planning.

36. Who was George Plekhanov? Name the party founded by him?

Ans. George Plekhanov was a Russian intellectual. He was a follower of Karl Marx. In 1883, he founded a party known as The Russian Social Democratic party.

[C] LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Describe the main causes, phases and the results of Russian Revolution.

Ans. The Russian Revolution is considered as one of the landmark events of world history. It is one of those few events of the world that have altered the course of history even to the present day. It marks the beginning of a new era of cold war between the capitalist countries and the communist countries.

Phases of revolution: The Russian Revolution went through the following three main stages:

(a) Revolution of 1905: The killing of thousands of innocent people on Jan.22,1905 while they were on the way to the winter palace of the Czar to submit a petition came to be known as ‘Bloody Sunday’ event This event prepared the ground for the revolution of 1917. The event caused riots in many parts of the country and created a wave of anti- czarist movement in the country.

(b) February Revolution: The abdication of power by Czar Nicholas II in February, 1917 and the formation of an interim government led by Prince George Lvov came to be known as February Revolution. A few months later, the Menshevik party led by Alexander Kerensky captured power from the hands of the interim government. The provisional government headed by Alexander Kerensky was recognised by the western powers.

(c) October Revolution: The fall of the provisional government headed by Alexander Kerensky in October, 1917 and taking over the reigns of the government by the Bolshevik party led by Lenin is known as October Revolution as it happened in October according to the Russian Calendar. It is also called November Revolution as it happened according to the English calendar.

Results: The main consequences of Russian Revolution on Russia were the following: 

(i) Political and constitutional changes: The Russian Revolution completely altered the very face of Russia. It marked the end of czarist autocracy. Aristocracy and the power of the church were destroyed. A new Govt. known as the union of soviet socialist republic was established.

(ii) Withdrawal from First World War: Immediately after the revolution Russia withdrew from the First World War as she gained nothing from the war. The move was well appreciated by the people and it enabled the new government to concentrate on national reconstruction.

(iii) Social and economic changes: Soon after assuming power Lenin introduced a programme of national reconstruction. The landlords, industrialists, capitalists, nobles, clergy, etc. were deprived of their former power and position. The right to private property was abolished. Religious freedom was taken away.

(iv) Russia becomes a super power: The Russian Revolution set Russia on a map of rapid economic, Industrial and commercial growth. Her new economic policy transformed her into a major power in the world. 

2. What were the major international effects of Russian Revolution?

Ans. Russian Revolution is regarded as one of the most significant events of world history. It not only altered the face of Russia but also shaped world politics for the next fifty years. The world has not remained the same ever since the formation of a communist government in Russia in October, 1917.

(i) Withdrew from war: The most immediate effect of October Revolution was that Russia withdrew from the war. As a result, Germany had to face the attack of the western forces alone. Russia had supplied over a crore of soldiers and her departure greatly affected the fortunes of Germany.

(ii) Spread of communism: After the establishment of communist power in Russia by the Revolution, Russia became the leader and promoter of communism in the world. Russia took a lot of initiatives in spreading communism in different parts of the world. As a result of her influence China overthrew the Manchu dynasty and established a communist government. Communism soon spread to several Asian countries and in East European countries. Due to Russian influence and promotion over one-third of world’s population became communist in the next few decades.

(iii) Begins cold war: With the establishment of communism on a strong footing under Lenin and thereafter under Joseph Stalin, Russia became the major opponent of United States of America. The October Revolution marks the beginning of a new era of cold war between the capitalist countries and the communist countries. The affairs of the whole world were affected by this cold war between the two powers. Each bloc tried to suppress the other leading to several unnecessary conflicts.

(iv) Russia becomes a super power: Soon after capturing power Lenin started transformation of Russia into a major economic power. By introducing New Economic policy and starting of Five-year plans Russia made rapid progress in industrialisation and commerce. Her economic power increased her international standing and she came to be considered as one of the most developed countries of the world. Every international event that occurred required her attention and intervention. She became a key player in the international politics.

(v) Encouraged similar revolutions: The oppressed nations suffering under various colonial powers took the example of Russia and started revolutionary movements. Even in India many youngsters were attracted by the communist ideals and began to spread the concepts propagated by the Russian Revolution. It boosted freedom struggle movements in many parts of the world.

(vi) Blow to the concept of monarchy: The overthrow of Romanov dynasty in Russia by the October revolution was a great example for many nationalities. It encouraged many nations to give up monarchical rule. The end of royal dynasties of Germany and Austria was an indirect effect of the Russian revolution.

[D] SHORT NOTES ON

1. Trotsky (1879-1940): Leon Bronstein, later on called Leon Trotsky was born in 1879. Quite early in life he indulged in revolutionary activities and was arrested in 1898. He played a significant part in the revolution of 1905. He joined the Bolsheviks in 1917 and like Lenin played a leading role in the revolution of 1917. He became the chairman of the Petrograd Soviet in 1917. As commissioner of foreign affairs (1917-1918) and Commissioner of the Army and Navy (1918-1925) he contributed much for the internal reconstruction of the country. He successfully concluded the negotiations with Germany for signing the Brest-Litovsk Peace treaty in March 1918. He was a leading Bolshevik orator and a highly distinguished writer. Unfortunately, during the time of Joseph Stalin he had to face deportation and was murdered in Mexico in 1940.

2. Causes of success of the Russian Revolution: Many factors contributed for the success of the Russian Revolution. The revolution took place at the right time when people were fed up with Czarist autocratic rule. Czar Nicholas II was a mere toy in the hands of Rajputin, a royal priest. Secondly, the First World War created the right atmosphere for the success of the revolution. The war created acute food crisis as most men were recruited as soldiers. Thirdly, the arrival of farsighted leaders such as Lenin and Trotsky helped the flowering of the revolution. Both played a significant role in the unfolding of the revolution. Fourthly, the role played by the Russian army in the revolution is significant. Had the Russian army been with the emperor, the revolution would not have taken place. During the October Revolution, the army fully supported the Bolsheviks and helped them to seize the winter palace of the emperor. Finally, the intervention of foreign countries also helped the success of Russian revolution. During the initial period, some foreign countries sent military help to the revolutionary groups in Russia.
3. Czar Nicholas II (1897-1918): The Russian Revolution occurred during the time of Czar Nicholas II. In fact, the factor that influenced most for the outbreak of the revolution in Russia was the role played by czar Nicholas II. He was a weak-willed henpecked emperor. He was under the control of his wife, empress Alexandra who was under the shadow of notorious priest named Rajputin. The priest tried to control the affairs of the government through the empress creating in the process a lot of ill-feeling and public anger against the monarchy. The revolution of 1905 had occurred during his time. The promises made during this revolution were not kept by him. The king tried to suppress the revolutionary movement which had come up with the ‘Bloody Sunday’ event of Jan 22, 1905. This resulted in the spreading of an anti-czarist movement through the length and breadth of the country. Finally, in February/March, 1917 he was forced to abdicate in favour of an interim government led by Prince George Lvov. Czar Nicholas II met his end in the hands of the revolutionaries in 1918 bringing an end to the rule of Romanov dynasty in Russia.