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Class 12 Education Chapter 2 Non-Formal Education
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Non-Formal Education
| A. QUESTIONS FOR 1 MARK EACH |
(a) Fill up the blanks:
1. The first Open University established by Central government in India is _________.
Ans: Ambedkar Andhra Pradesh Open University.
2. The name of the first Open University in India is ____________.
Ans: Ambedkar Andhra Pradesh Open University.
3. The time limit of Non – formal education is not ____________.
Ans: Rigid.
4. Formal Education: School, Non – formal Education _____________.
Ans: Outside school.
5. Distance between teacher and learner is important characteristics of ____________ education.
Ans: Distance.
6. Non – formal Education gives importance on ___________ subjects.
Ans: Variety.
7. Non formal education is accepted as complementary and supplementary to the ____________ education.
Ans: Formal.
8. Non – formal education is ___________ and deliberate.
Ans: Conscious.
9. Indira Gandhi National Open University is located in __________.
Ans: 1985.
10. _____________ first introduced correspondence education on his ‘shorthand’ course.
Ans: Iosal Pitman.
11. Indira Gandhi National Open University is located in ____________.
Ans: Maidan Garhi (New Delhi)
12. Krishna Kanta Handique State University was established in Assam in __________.
Ans: 2007.
13. The term distance education was first used by ____________.
Ans: Holmburg.
14. Sir Isaac Pitman in ____________ first introduced a shorthand course for distance student.
Ans: 1856, Germany.
15. The first correspondence course in Delhi University started in _____________.
Ans: 1962.
16. Government of India appointed a committee on correspondence Education under the chairmanship of _____________.
Ans: K. L. Srimal.
17. Correspondence Education is based on __________ communication.
Ans: Postal.
18. In some places ____________ education is known independent education.
Ans: Open.
19. The first open school in India was established in ____________.
Ans: 1982.
20. The concept of Open University was first developed in ___________.
Ans: England 1962.
21. The first Open University established in India in ____________.
Ans: 1982, Andhra Pradesh.
22. ___________ publish the first correspondence course on book keeping in 1898.
Ans: Hans Harmod in Sweden.
23. ___________ was the chairman of Committee on Correspondence education and Evening college in India.
Ans: D. S. Kothari.
24. Committee on Correspondence education and Evening college was appointed by government of India in ___________.
Ans: 1962.
(b) Write True/ false:
25. Non – formal education is a life long Education.
Ans: True.
26. Non formal education has no fixed curriculum.
Ans: False.
27. Distance Education is a cost effective system of education.
Ans: True.
28. Provision for Non – formal education is made for out – offs school children.
Ans: True.
29. Non – formal education can not help in all – round development of the learner.
Ans: False.
30. Distance Education is learner centric.
Ans: True.
31. Non – formal education is free from all sort of rigidity.
Ans: True.
32. Non – formal education is not need – based.
Ans: False.
33. Distance Education is always open.
Ans: True.
34. Non formal education is highly flexible.
Ans: True.
35. Non formal education is not deliberate.
Ans: False.
36. Flexibility of non – formal education differentiated it from formal education.
Ans: True.
37. Non – formal education is examination oriented.
Ans: False.
38. Non formal education is helpful to meet the need of neo literates.
Ans: True.
39. Non formal education can fulfil all kinds of educational needs.
Ans: True.
40. Distance Education is an indirect education.
Ans: True.
41. Distance Education is a non institutionalised education.
Ans: True.
42. Open Education has single entry point.
Ans: False.
43. All Distance Education programme have the characteristics of open education.
Ans: True.
44. Distance Education is possible without being open.
Ans: False.
45. Non – formal education is structured and planned.
Ans: True.
46. Continuing education is meant for removing the limitations of formal education.
Ans: False.
47. non-formal education has no relationship with formal education.
Ans: False.
48. Non-formal education is only for those who never go to school.
Ans: False.
49. Delhi University introduced correspondence education in 1962.
Ans: True.
50. Sir Issac Pitman published the first correspondence course on book-keeping.
Ans: False.
51. Correspondence education is a flexible extension of conventional education.
Ans: True.
52. There is no difference between distance education and open education.
Ans: False.
53. There is no position of evaluation in open education.
Ans: False.
54. Some distance education programs are rigid in nature.
Ans: False.
55. Syllabus of open school and formal system is not comparable.
Ans: False.
56. The first open university was established in America in 1971.
Ans: False.
57. Indira Gandhi National Open University was established in India in 1986.
Ans: False.
58 IGNOU is the biggest Open University of world.
Ans: False.
59. Indira Gandhi National Open University was the first open university in India.
Ans: False.
60. Teaching–learning is individualized in distance education.
Ans: True.
(c) Give short Answer (preferably in one sentence):
61. What is the full form of IGNOU?
Ans: Indira Gandhi National Open University.
62. Mention a difference between formal and non formal education.
Ans: Non-formal education differs from formal education in the sense that it takes place outside the formal school system. It also differs from incidental education in that it is organised.
63. Write the name of the first open university in India.
Ans: Ambedkar Andhra Pradesh Open University.
64. Write the name of the first open university in Assam.
Ans: Krishna Kanta Handique State Open University.
65. Write the name of the system which is used in distance education to establish relationship between teacher and learner?
Ans: Distance Education (umbrella term).
66. Write the name of the biggest Open University of the world.
Ans: Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU).
67. Write the name of the second biggest Open University of the world.
Ans: Delhi University.
68. Write the name of an open school known to you.
Ans: Delhi open school.
69. In which year University of Delhi Started correspondence courses?
Ans: 1962.
70. Which country for the first time introduced the concept of distance education?
Ans: Europe.
71. What is the meaning of SLM?
Ans: Self learning materials.
72. Who named distance education as ‘telematic teaching’?
Ans: Moore.
73. What is the medium of communication in correspondence education?
Ans: English, regional language.
74. When Indira Gandhi National Open University was established?
Ans: 1985.
75. Who initiated correspondence education in India?
Ans: 1962, Delhi University for B. A. Examination.
76. Is Non – formal Education institutionalised? Give reason.
Ans: Yes, because after completion learn can get the certificate degree, diplomas like as formal education.
77. What is continuing education?
Ans: Continuing education is to open channels for continuing education for those who desire, seek and strive to learn.
78. Why non – formal education is considered as a need based education?
Ans: To fulfill people’s personal, communal and social needs which cannot be fulfilled by formal education.
| B. QUESTIONS FOR 2 MARK EACH |
1. What do you mean by Non-formal education?
Ans: Non formal education is organised, systematic, need based and goal directed education. It is conducted outside the formal system which is directed to meet the specific needs of various groups of persons.
According to J.P. Naik non-formal education differs from formal education in the sense that it takes place outside the formal school system. It also differ from incident education in that it is organized.
2. What is the role of the teacher in Non-formal education?
Ans: The teacher-taught relationship avoids dominance. Thus in this system teacher and taught are partners in the learning process.
3. What is meant by Open?
Ans: Open means free, without any barrier. All times those students who are unable to get formal education can get education here.
4. What is Open education?
Ans: Dut to limitations of formal education a good number of people are deprived from education. Most of the people are under poverty, so they are not in a position to get education in time. In addition to them there are some disable families. illiterate gurdians, remote areas, communicationless areas, early marriages system and the people of conservative attitude. Economically backward people engage their children in work in early stage. Formal education system has no space to include them. To meet their demands open school system is established.
5. What is distance education?
Ans: According to Dohmen – Distance education means “A systematically organised form of self study in which student counselling. the presentation organised form of self study in which students success is carried out by a team of teachers, each of whom has responsibilities which can cover long distances.
6. Why correspondence education is known as Postal education?
Ans: Correspondance education is a system through which individual may complete a prescribed courses of study offered by an institution without attending to its classes. The educational transaction in this method is facilitated by the medium of print which is conducted with the help of postal system.
Therefore the correspondance education is also known as postal education.
7. Write about the origin of correspondence education.
Ans: Correspondnce education was first introduced by Issac Pitman in 1840. He provided his ‘short hand’ course to the students living at a distance places. In 1898, Hens Hermod published his first correspondence course on book-keeping. Many others soon followed him. In India, the government of India appointed a committee on correspondence course and evening colleges in 1961 under the chairmanship of D.S. Kothari. The committee recommended the introduction of correspondence courses and as a result of it, University of Delhi started correspondence courses in 1962.
8. Give a definition of distance education.
Ans: Distance Education is defined differently by different thinkers in different situation. Some of them are:
According to Dohmen: “A systematically organised form of self study in which student counselling, the presentation organised form of self study in which student’s success is carried out by a team of teachers, each of whom has responsibilities. It is made possible at a distance by means of media which can cover long distances.
According to Moore: “The family of instructional methods in which the teacher behaviours are performed apart from learning behaviours, including those that in a contiguous situation would be performed in the learner’s presence so that communication between the teacher and the learner must be facilitated by print, electronic, mechanical or other devices.”
According to Wedemeyer: “Independent study consists of various forms of teaching learning arrangements in which teachers and learners carry out their essential tasks and responsibilities apart from one another, communicating in a variety of ways. Its purposes are to free on campus or internal learners from inappropriate class placing or patterns to provide of campus or external learners with the opportunity to continue learning in their own environments, and developing in all learners the capacity to carry on self-directed learning, the ultimate maturity required of the educated person.”
9. ‘Distance education is possible without being open’ Discuss.
Ans: Distance education system is open education system. Actually distanced education is not posible without being open. In statance education the learner have the chance to take education according to their need and comfort.
10. Describe Non – formal education as a supportive system of education.
Ans: Non formal education is such type of education through which people can take education for the whole life. This education is considered as comprehensive education for all people and it can fulfil the need and interest of all people. It is a supportive and substitutes of formal education.
11. Why Non – formal education is considered as flexible system of education?
Ans: Non formal education is considered as flexible system of education, because there have no rigid/strict rules regulation in admission, curriculum construction, place of education, etc.
12. Why correspondence education is known as Postal education?
Ans: Correspondence education is a system through which individual may complete a prescribed courses of study offered by an institution without attending to its classes. The educational transaction in this method is facilitated by the medium of print which is conducted with the help of postal system.
13. “All open education is distance education, but all distance education may not be open” – explain.
Ans: Open education refers to educational organisation that seek to eliminate barriers to entry into the world of education and learning. It means to erase the formalised roles of students and teacher. Otherhand distance education is a system of education in which there is no face to face relationship between the teacher and the taught but they are linked through correspondence, radio talk, television or computer.
14. Explain distance education as a flexible system of education.
Ans: A flexible attitude is taken in case of prior educational qualification, ages and in selection of subjects. In this education system, people can achieve education at any time of his life. It takes the problem of educating school dropouts, working adults, house wives and learners from socially and economically disadvantaged section of the society. Flexible education through distance mode is a flexible arrangement. Sometimes there are no fixed entry-points or exits.
15. ‘Two way communications is an essential element of distance education’. – Discuss.
Ans: In the two-way communication there is reaction sand interaction with constant feed back. There is provision for further information, classification etc. as thought by the learner. In Distance Education the teacher prepares learning materials from which he himself may never teach. Another teacher may use the materials and evaluate students work with the help of electronic media.
16. Mention two groups of people who may get benefit of non-formal education.
Ans: (i) Backward pupils.
(ii) Dropout section of pupils.
| C. QUESTIONS FOR 3 MARK EACH |
1. Mention three merits of open education.
Ans: The merits of the open education system are the following:
(i) Through this system of education higher education brings to the door step of needy person. Specially it help working persons, employees, housewives and the peoples of conservative attitudes.
(ii) Open education system facilitates the people of Remote areas, Hilly areas, Rural areas, Drop outs, Adults who are not entitled to get education in time.
(iii) Fees structure of this system of education is moderate so, most of the people are interested for it. Its expenditure is one third (1/3) of general education.
(iv) Admission system of this type of education is very easy and eligibility criterias are flexible.
(v) This system of education have more flexibility in time factor of the courses. For a one year course learner can avail four years to complete the course.
(vi) All the courses of this type of education are meaningful and well organized. Courses are effective, applicable and useful.
2. Who can be the learner of open school?
Ans: Working persons, employees, housewifes, conservative attitude people, people of remote areas, hilly areas, rural areas, drop outs, adults can be the learner of open schools.
3. What are the objectives of open school?
Ans: Objectives of open schools are:
(i) To offer educational opportunites to the deprived classes and masses and to cope with the everincreasing demands.
(ii) To help to decreasd the disparities and imbalance growth in the society.
(iii) To find out an alternative and economical approach to the formal system of education.
(iv) To bridge the gulf between the educated few and uneducated masses of our society.
(v) To help to achieve the mission of a learning society.
(vi) To impart education at the individual’s convenience, and to utilise the leissure time for educational purpose.
(vii) To help to continue work and education without any break.
4. Explain the scope of non Formal Education.
Ans: Scope of non formal education is very vast. It covers various levels of education ranging from pre – primary to university education. It comprises all areas of formal education. It provides new knowledge, understanding, interests, skills, critical thinking, appreciation etc.
Non-formal education complements formal system of education. It exploits the time and resources of the individual and develop innate potentialities to the maximum.
The non-formal education can include within school education other kinds of professional and vocational programme like community development, farming agriculture extension, technical training etc. It is meant for all for whom formal education is either unsuitable or unavailable.
Non-formal education may be class-room activities or distance education or correspondence course. It may on the job, part time, full-time as well as recurrent.
5. Write three merits of open education.
Ans: The merits of the open education system are the following:
(i) Through this system of education higher education brings to the door step of needy person. Specially it help working persons, employees, housewives and the peoples of conservative attitudes.
(ii) Open education system facilitates the people of Remote areas, Hilly areas, Rural areas, Drop outs, Adults who are not entitled to get education in time.
(iii) Fees structure of this system of education is moderate so, most of the people are interested for it. Its expenditure is one third (1/3) of general education.
(iv) Admission system of this type of education is very easy and eligibility criterias are flexible.
(v) This system of education have more flexibility in time factor of the courses. For a one year course learner can avail four years to complete the course.
(vi) All the courses of this type of education are meaningful and well organized. Courses are effective, applicable and useful.
6. Mention the characteristics which distinguish Non-formal education from formal education.
Ans: Formal education is too rigid as regards to time, place, duration, attendance, syllabus, methods, evaluation etc. Whereas non-formal education is opposed to these characteristic.
Formal education is too expensive whereas non-formal education is reasonable.
Those joining formal education goes for degree or certificates or jobs whereas non-formal education do not care for degrees, diplomas and certificates.
Formal education ends at a certain point of age whereas non-formal education is a life long system of education.
7. Mention three objectives of correspondence education.
Ans: To expand, democraties and provide educational opportunities to most people.
(a) To provide more freedom to learners in regard to admission, living and location of learning activities.
(b) Through this system learners can integrate learning work.
(c) To provide education facilities to all qualified and willing persons.
8. What do you know about IGNOU?
Ans: In 1985 the government of India passed the bill for betting up a national open university and hence forth the Indira Gandhi Open Universatiy (IGNOU) was established. To democratise higher education by providing access to large segments of the population, in particular the disadvantaged groups such as those in living in remote and rural areas including women, working people and other adults who wish to acquire and upgrade their knowledge and skills.
9. ‘Present world is facing three types of explosion’. What are these explosions?
Ans: These explosions are:
(a) Knowledge explosion.
(b) Population explosion.
(c) Environmental explosion.
10. Explain how distance education helps us to face the educational problems caused by these explosions.
Ans: Distance education helps us to face the educational problems caused by these explosions are the following ways:
(a) Distance education helps to equalize to educational facilities by distributing them equally to people irrespective of caste, religion and community.
(b) Distance education helps forward broadly acquire knowledge of development process. It makes all realizes that every person has his birth right of achieving knowledge.
(c) It helps to form real and adequate human resource by giving emphasis on the use of different electronic medias and the skills of modern technology such as radio, television, computer internet, email etc.
11. Mention three modern technical aids generally used it distance education.
Ans: The there modern teaching aids generally used in distance education are:
(a) Radio.
(b) Television.
(c) Computer multimedia.
| D. QUESTIONS FOR 4 MARK EACH |
1. What is distance education? Mention different types distance education system.
Ans: In distance education there is no provision of face to face classroom teaching as in the traditional method. Sometimes through contact programmes some arrangement is made for classroom lecture for two of three weeks. The correspondence lessons are also sent to students in place of classroom teaching. These lessons are generally so good that students are able to group the essentials of certain course in a manner which is not possible by studying only one or two books on the subject The correspondence lessons are so well prepared along with a number of examples that a student is able to group the basic elements himself.
2. What is open school? Write briefly the need of open school.
Ans: Open schools and open universities are the agencies of open education. There are open schools and centres of open university throughout the country. The National Policy on Education, 1986 has underlined the importance of open school and university. The Indira Gandhi National Open University was established in 1985. The National Policy on Education recommended that the IGNOU should be strengthened and this powerful instrument should be developed and extended.
Needs of open school:
(i) There is no upper age limit and qualification bar for admission to open school. Any persons who have completed the age of the yrs can go in school level courses.
(ii) The examination system is flexible which suits to the need of all students.
(iii) It is alternative system of education which offer educational opportunities to the poor and deprived classes of our society.
3. Write four objectives of open university.
Ans: The objectives of open university are:
(i) To provide higher education on a large scale to all people who have missed the chance in their early years.
(ii) To advance and disseminate learning and knowledge by a diversity of means including the use of communication technology.
(iii) To promote educational well-being of the community generally.
(iv) To help to continue work and education all together.
4. What are the suggestions made by Kothari Commission regarding correspondence education?
Ans: In India, the government of India appointed a committee on correspondence courses and evening colleges in 1961 under the chairmanship of D. S. Kothari. The Committee recommended the introduction of correspondence courses and as a result of it, University of Delhi Started correspondence courses in 1962.
According to the Committee correspondence education is the most vital and major avenue and in India it could play an important role in expanding, democratising, regularising and equalizing educational opportunities. It is a help for the weaker sections of our society and has a great potential to develope and serve not only traditional courses but also a wide range of Vocational and job-oriented courses.
5. Describe the ideas of Keegan regarding distance education.
Ans: The ideas are:
(i) The distance between teacher and students can be seen in this education as there is no close relation between them.
(ii) The teaching aids used here are different and modernized and technically advanced.
(iii) The teaching learning is different for different learners as it is an individualised act.
(iv) This education is totally industrialised.
6. How non-formal education can reduce the cost of education? Discuss briefly by giving example.
Ans: In non-formal education the students are not required to go to any institution to get education. Education can be received through various mass – media. So the cost of attending school gets reduced. The cost of travelling to schools, colleges or universities is not required. Students of all types can get education.
7. ‘Non-formal education provides lifelong education give your own opinion in support of the statement.
Ans: Non formal education is life long, because there is no rules or regulation for this type of education. It can be acquired at any stage of a person. There is no time period for this education neither any age limit. So this education can be received by everyone at any period of a person’s life.
8. ‘Non formal education is based on democratic principles’ — Describe briefly.
Ans: The non-formal education is based on democratic principles. Here education can be received by the rich, poor, backward class, general class at any time at any age of the individual. This education is productive so it is said to be democratic principles based education.
9. Why open education is necessary in present-day society? Explain.
Ans: Extension of education has a dire necessity in modern society. To meet this need open school system evolled in society. Due to limitations of formal education a good number of people are deprived from education. Most of the people of our society are under poverty, so they are not in a position to get education on time. In addition there are some disabled families, illitorate guardians, remote areas, communicationless areas, early marriages system, people of conservative attitude, economically backward people who engage their childen in work in early year. Formal education system has no place to include them. To meet their demands open school is necessary in our society.
Along with art and culture, science and technology have developed immensely in present society. In present context explosion of knowledge has no limitations and traditional system of education is not fit to meet the social demands. As a result of their challenging attitude, open education helps to meet these demands of society.
10. why it is necessary to promote non formal education in our country? Discuss.
Ans: Need to promote non formal education in our country are:
According to Peters “A method of important knowledge, skills and attitudes which is rationalised by the application of division of labour and organisational principles as well as by the extensive use of technical media especially for the purpose of reproducing high quality teaching material which made it possible to instruct great numbers of students at the same time wherever they live. It is an industrialized form of teaching and learning.
According to Holmberg- “The various forms of study at all levels which are not under continuous, immediate supervision of tutors present with their students in lecture rooms on the same premises, but which, nevertheless, benefit from the planning, guidance and tuition of a tutorial organisation.”
11. Mention the limitation of non formal education.
Ans: The limitation of non formal education are as follows:
(i) The need of education is not fully meant by this education.
(ii) It makes the teacher less responsible.
(iii) It limits the learning of learners.
(iv) It has no relationship between the learner and teacher.
12. Explain the scope of non formal education.
Ans: Scope of non formal education is very vast. It covers various levels of education ranging from her primary to University education. It compromise all areas of formal education. It provides new knowledge, understanding, interest skill, critical thinking, appreciation etc.
The following areas under the scope of non formal Education:
(a) It covers various levels of education ranging from pre primary to university.
(b) It includes professional and vocational programme like community development, farming agriculture extension, technical training etc.
(c) Those who are deprived of primary education.
(d) Those who could not complete their education in due time.
13. What are the characteristics of correspondence Education?
Ans: The characteristics of correspondence education are as follows:
(a) It provide equity of educational opportunity.
(b) It helps the people with necessary motivation to acquire further and to better their expertise and improve their professional efficiency.
(c) It help reduce burdens of the students of college, university etc.
(d) It provide higher education for those who are deprived of formal education.
(e) It provide current information and knowledge to the employees.
| E. QUESTIONS FOR 5 MARK EACH |
1. What is Non-formal Education? Discuss about its characteristics.
Ans: The concept ‘Non-formal Education’ has a recent origin. It is yet in the developing stage. The concept of Non-formal Education differs from person to person and from place to place. To many persons it is just the opposite for formal education which is given in the school, to some it is only supplementary to formal school system. In the beginning Non-formal education was meant for dropouts. But now it is intended for all. It would meet the need of school dropouts, neoliterates, working women and above all child labour, disadvantage groups. Being linked with general development, it help its students to learn various skills besides numeracy and literacy. Non-formal education provides various learning opportunities not available in the formal system. By nature it is highly flexible and inexpensive. But this system is structured and planned, but outside the realm of formal education.
The important characteristics or salient features of non-formal education may be stated as under:
(i) Non-formal education is organized education outside the formal system.
(ii) Opposed to formal system which is too rigid, the non-formal education programmes tend to be flexible as regards time, place duration, attendance, syllabi, methods and evaluation etc.
(iii) Programmes of non-formal education tend to be diverse and functional.
(iv) It is a cost effective system of education.
(v) It has flexible point of entry and exit.
(vi) It is a life long system of education.
2. Explain the objectives of Non-formal education.
Ans: Objectives of non-formal education are:
(i) Non formal education aims at improving the quality of education by shifting the emphasis from teaching to learning.
(ii) Non formal education aims at to make provisions for advancement and dissemination of knowledge.
(iii) Non formal education aims at to universalize elementary education of those who are not attending school for various reasons.
(iv) To mobilize existing and potential local resources in the community.
(v) To facilitate transfer of appropriate technology to more need-based areas of activity.
(vi) To make social and community education programmes need the demands of rapidly industrializing societies.
3. Discuss about the scope of Non-formal education.
Ans: Scope of non formal education is very vast. It covers various levels of education ranging from pre-primary to university education. It comprises all areas of formal education. It provides new knowledge, understanding, interests, skills, critical thinking, appreciation etc.
Non-formal education complements formal system of education. It exploits the time and resources of the individual and develop innate potentialities to the maximum.
The non-formal education can include within school education other kinds of professional and vocational programme like community development, farming agriculture extension, technical training etc. It is meant for all for whom formal education is either unsuitable or unavailable.
Non-formal education may be class-room activities or distance Education or correspondence course. It may on the job, part time, full-time as well as recurrent.
4. What are the importance of non formal education?
Ans: The main importance of non-formal education are:
(i) Based on democratic principles.
(ii) Provides life-long education.
(iii) Reduce cost of education.
(iv) Relate education of development.
(v) Increase individual efficiency.
(vi) Provides educational opportunities to Late-bloomer, dropouts and to the deprived classes.
(vii) Provide opportunity for on the job education.
5. Mention the limitation of non formal education.
Ans: Limitation:
(i) The need of education is not only meant by this education.
(ii) It makes the teacher less responsible.
(iii) It limits the learning of the learners.
(iv) It has no relationship between the learner and teacher.
6. Describe the objectives of distance education.
Ans: Distance Education is defined differently by different thinkers in different situation.
Some of them are:
According to Dohmen: “A systematically organised form of self-study in which student counselling, the presentation organised form of self study in which student’s success is carried out by a team of teachers, each of whom has responsibilities. It is made possible at a distance by means of media which can cover long distances.”
According to Moore: “The family of instructional methods in which the teacher behaviours are performed apart from learning behaviours, including those that in a contiguous situation would be performed in the learner’s presence so that communication between the teacher and the learner must be facilitated by print, electronic, mechanical or other devices.”
According to Wedemeyer: “Independent study consists of various forms of teaching learning arrangements in which teachers and learners carry out their essential tasks and responsibilities apart from one another, communicating in a variety of ways. Its purposes are to free on campus or internal learners from inappropriate class placing or patterns to provide of campus or external learners with the opportunity to continue learning in their own environments, and developing in all learners the capacity to carry on self-directed learning, the ultimate maturity required of the educated person.”
7. Write the characteristics of distance education.
Ans: Characteristics of distance education:
(i) In distance education an institution teacher, the teacher prepares the learning materials from which he himself may never teach. Teacher may use the materials and evaluate student’s work.
(ii) In distance education the goal of linking of learning materials to learn is the centre of the organisational structure.
(iii) The distance system gives a radical new meaning to the concept of the independence of the adult learner. The learner is responsible for initiating the learning process and to a large extent, for maintaining it throughout.
(iv) Management skills that are more akin to those found in industrialised enterprises are needed in Distance Education.
(v) It is a form of education that can easily become depersonalised both for staff and students.
8. Discuss the importance of the distance education in our country.
Ans: Extension of education has a dire necessity in modern society. To meet this need open school system evolled in society. Due to limitations of formal education a good number of people are deprived from education. Most of the people of our society are under poverty, so they are not in a position to get education on time. In addition there are some disabled families, illitorate guardians, remote areas, communicationless areas, early marriages system, people of conservative attitude, economically backward people who engage their childen in work in early year. Formal education open school system has no place to include them. To meet their demands is necessary in our society.
Along with art and culture, science and technology have developed immensely in present society. In present context explosion of knowledge has no limitations and traditional system of education is not fit to meet the social demands. As a result of their challenging attitude, open education helps to meet these demands of society.
9. Explain the concept of open education.
Ans: Due to the limitations of formal education a good number of people are deprived from education. Most of our people in the society are under poverty, so they are not in a position to get education intime. In addition to them there are some diabled families, illiterate guardians, remote areas, communicationless areas, early marrages and people of conservative attitude, economically backward people engaging their children in work in early years. Formal education system has no pace to include them.
Objectives of open school:
(i) To offer educational opportunities to the deprived classes and masses and to cope with the ever increasing demands.
(ii) To help to decrease the disparities and imbalance growth in the society.
(iii) To widen the horizons of education, open new fromlies of knowledge and democratising the teaching learning process.
(iv) To find out an alternative and economical approach to the formal system of education.
(v) To bridge the gap between the educated few and uneducated masses of our society.
(vi) To help to achieve the mission of a learning society.
(vii) To impart education at the individual’s convenience.
(viii) To help to continue work and education without any break.
10. Write the characteristics of open education?
Ans: Following are the main objectives of open education system:
(i) To facilitate providing equal opportunities of education to citizens to the country.
(ii) To develop bridge/preparatory courses for working adults and women who don’t have any formal qualification.
(iii) To provide education for students of economically backward sections of the society who cannot afford to continue formal schooling.
(iv) To provide education to dropout students who have completed class VII or VIII.
(v) To enable those students to enter the system who have failed in class X and XII.
(vi) To enable willing students to undertake vocational and life enrichment courses.
11. What are the merits of open education?
Ans: The merits of the open education system are the following:
(i) Through this system of education higher education brings to the door step of needy person. Specially it help working persons, employees, housewives and the peoples of conservative attitudes.
(ii) Open education system facilitates the people of Remote areas, Hilly areas, Rural areas, Drop outs, Adults who are not entitled to get education in time.
(iii) Fees structure of this system of education is moderate so, most of the people are interested for it. Its expenditure is one third (1/3) of general education.
(iv) Admission system of this type of education is very easy and eligibility criterias are flexible.
(v) This system of education have more flexibility in time factor of the courses. For a one year course learner can avail four years to complete the course.
(vi) All the courses of this type of education are meaningful and well organized. Courses are effective, applicable and useful.
12. Discuss about the open education system in India.
Ans: Extension of education has a dire necessity in modern society. To meet this need open school system evolled in society. Due to limitations of formal education a good number of people are deprived from education. Most of the people of our society are under poverty, so they are not in a position to get education on time. In addition there are some disabled families, illitorate guardians, remote areas, communicationless areas, early marriages system, people of conservative attitude, economically backward people who engage their childen in work in early year. Formal education open school system has no place to include them. To meet their demands is necessary in our society.
Along with art and culture, science and technology have developed immensely in present society. In present context explosion of knowledge has no limitations and traditional system of education is not fit to meet the social demands. As a result of their challenging attitude, open education helps to meet these demands of society.
13. Discuss about the objectives of Open University?
Ans: The objectives of Open University are:
(i) To provide higher education on a large scale to all people who have missed the chance in their early years.
(ii) To advance and disseminate learning and knowledge by a diversity of means including the use of communication technology.
(iii) To promote educational well-being of the community generally.
(iv) To help to continue work and education all together.
14. Discuss about the characteristics of open education.
Ans: Following are the main objectives of open education system:
(i) To facilitate providing equal opportunities of education to citizens to the country.
(ii) To develop bridge/preparatory courses for working adults and women who don’t have any formal qualification.
(iii) To provide education for students of economically backward sections of the society who cannot afford to continue formal schooling.
(iv) To provide education to dropout students who have completed class VII or VIII.
(v) To enable those students to enter the system who have failed in class X and XII.
(vi) To enable willing students to undertake vocational and life enrichment courses.
15. Discuss about the instructional and evaluation system of Open University.
Ans: Instructional process of open universities: The course materials of the open university are designed in a very high order students are supplied instructional materials in time. Most of the instructions are imparted through distance mode rather than face to face communication. Well tested and scientifically developed pedagogy of distance education is employed. For the instructional purpose printed lessons, audio and video cassetes are being used.
Evaluation system of open University: This system of education have more flexibility in time factor of the courses. For a one year course learner can avail four years to complete the course. The evaluation process of this system of education is continuous and comprehensive. It stress on the self activities of the learner.
16. discuss about the the developmental trend of Open University.
Ans: Open University system is an important venture of the system of education. Teeth is one such alternative for taking education to the doorsteps of those who are desirous of learning. Open University provides the opportunity of education to out of institution learners, School dropouts, working adults, house wives and learners from disadvantaged sections of of the society living in villages m remote areas of the country. Open University offers and open entry system. There is no restriction on the the upper age limit. The important features of the university are relaxed entry qualifications. A study programme is suitable to learners pace and convenience, flexibility in choosing courses and use of of contemporary and appropriate educational and communication technology. The national policy of education 1986 also laid importance or or Open University. Indira Gandhi National Open University which is established in 1985 strengthened the destination of Higher Education. The national policy of education 1986 also laid the stress on opening. Open university in their won area IGNOU will disburse grants in aid as financial assistance to the state open universities and the the departments of distance education programme.
17. Discuss about anyone agency of non formal education.
Ans: One agency of non-formal education is correspondence education. Correspondence education is taken up as an effective alternative system of providing education to all level to a varied group. It has the same educational Philosophy and goals as the formal system of education but different in the means, the methods and the target group.
Those who cannot join regular courses due to economic or academic factors join the correspondence courses. It is a a system through which individual may complete a prescribed courses of study offered buy an institution without attending to its classes. The educational transaction in this method is facilitated by the medium of print which is conducted with the help of postal system.
Examination, evaluation and certification of the the learn on on completion of their course are are also made by the authority concerned.
18. ‘Open education system can meet the need of all types of people of the society’ describe this statement with your own arguments.
Ans: Following are the main objectives of open education system:
(i) To facilitate providing equal opportunities of education to citizens to the country.
(ii) To develop bridge/preparatory courses for working adults and women who don’t have any formal qualification.
(iii) To provide education for students of economically backward sections of the society who cannot afford to continue formal schooling.
(iv) To provide education to dropout students who have completed class VII or VIII.
(v) To enable those students to enter the system who have failed in class X and XII.
(vi) To enable willing students to undertake vocational and life enrichment courses.
19. ‘Non formal education is a gift for late bloomer, dropouts and to the deprived’. Describe this statement.
Ans: Scope of non formal education is very vast. It covers various levels of education ranging from pre-primary to University education. It comprises all areas of formal education. It provides new knowledge, understanding, interests, skills, critical thinking, appreciation etc.
Non-formal education complements formal system of education. It exploits the time and resources of the individual sexy video and develop innate potentialities to the maximum.
The non-formal education can include within School Education other kinds of professional and vocational programme like community development, farming agriculture extension, technical training etc. It is meant for all for whom formal education is either unsuitable or unavailable.
Non-formal education may be classroom activities for distance education or correspondence course. It may on the job, part time, full time as well as recurrent.
Three objectives of non formal education are:
(i) Non formal education aims at improving the quality of education by shifting the emphasis from teaching to learning.
(ii) Non formal education aims at to make provisions for advancement and dissemination of knowledge.
(iii) Non formal education aims at Tu universalize elementary education of those who are not attending school for various reasons.
20. What is the need and importance of non formal education in present de condition?
Ans: Scope of non formal education is very vast. It covers various levels of education ranging from pre-primary to university education. It comprises all areas of formal education. It provides new knowledge, understanding interests, skills, critical thinking, appreciation etc.
Non-formal education complements formal system of education. It exploits the time and resources of the individual and develop innate potentialities to the maximum.
The non-formal education can include within school education other kinds of professional and vocational programme like community development farming agriculture extension, technical training etc. It is meant for all for whom formal education is either unsuitable or unavailable.
Non-formal education may be class-room activities or distance Education or correspondence course. It may on the job, part time, full-time as well as recurrent.
The important characteristics or salient features of non-formal education may be stated as under:
(i) Non-formal education is organized education outside the formal system.
(ii) Opposed to formal system which is too rigid, the non-formal education programmes tend to be flexible as regards time, place, duration, attendance, syllabi, methods and evaluation etc.
(iii) Programmes of non-formal education tend to be diverse and functional.
(iv) It is a cost effective system of education.
(v) It has flexible point of entry and exit.
(vi) It is a life long system of education.
21. Discuss non formal education system in practice.
Ans: The concept ‘Non-formal Education’ has recent origin. It is yet in developing stage. the concept of Non-formal Education differs from person to person and from place to place. To many persons it is just the opposite for formal education which is given in the school, to some it is only supplementary to formal school system. In the beginning Non formal education was meant for drop-outs. But now it is intended for all. It would meet the need of school dropouts, neoliterates, working women and above all child labour, disadvantage groups. Being liked with general development. it help its students to learn various skills besides numeracy and literacy. Non formal education provides various learning opportunities not available in the formal system. By nature it is highly flexible and inexpensive. But his system is structured and planned, but out side the realm of formal ducation.
22. Describe the importance of correspondence education.
Ans: The importance of correspondence education are:
(i) To universalisation of education.
(ii) To enhance the education qualification of the employed person and to complete the incomplete education of the wishers.
(iii) This education system is necessary for the working people to gain current information and knowledge in order to enhance their working efficiency.
(iv) To develop and serve, not only traditional courses but also a wide range of Vocational and job oriented courses.
(v) To fulfil the aspiration for higher education of those who will deprived of it due to economic problem, domestic burdens, distance of educational institution etc.
23. What are the demerits of open education?
Ans: The demerits of open education are as follows:
(a) Even today the number of open education extension centre are very limited.
(b) It fails to provide education to all people who have not obtained formal education.
(c) Other education seems to be limited in the urban area.
(d) Only the middle class people seem to be benefited through it.
(e) Programme operational contact in this education is not acceptable.
(f) Students never get the results in fixed time because of teacher delay in evaluation.
(g) All the Regional centres and directorate of distance education and open learning are not fully active and helpful.
24. What is corresponding course? Discuss about its characteristics.
Ans: Correspondence education is the method of providing education through post. The learners receive lessons and exercises through the mails or some other such devices. After completing the exercises, the learners return them to the department of correspondence education for analysis comments and grading. Correspondence education “Supplements other forms of education and makes independent study programmes readily available.”
Characteristics of correspondence course:
(i) Correspondences education is a lifelong and continuous process.
(ii) Each in every status of society can join this type of education.
(iii) It gives a radical meaning to the concept of the independence of the adult learner.
(iv) It provides education using different mediums of communication.
(v) Here, the relation between teacher and learner is indirect.
(iv) It provides education using different medias of communication.
(v) Here, the relation between teacher and learner is indirect.
(vi) No fixed limitation of age and time in learning is there.
(vii) It is completely a part of open education system.
(viii) It uses audio-visual aids for teaching.
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