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Class 12 Education Chapter 4 Current Trends in Education
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Current Trends in Education
| A. QUESTIONS FOR 1 MARK EACH |
(a) Write whether each of the following statements is true or false:
1. Insight is higher method of learning.
Ans: True.
2. Learning is not depend on maturation.
Ans: False.
3. Learning by insight is a mechanical method of learning.
Ans: False.
4. Will to learn winning half the battle.
Ans: True.
5. There is no need of preparedness of the learner and learning.
Ans: False.
6. Bad working conditions hamper learning.
Ans: True.
7. Rhythmical reaction is a good precondition of learning.
Ans: True.
8. Motivation is the ‘sin qua non’ of learning.
Ans: True.
9. Fatigue causes loss of efficiency of learning.
Ans: True.
10. Kolar is famous for his theory of learning by conditioning.
Ans: False.
11. Learning is the act of problem solving.
Ans: True.
12. Learning is a life long process.
Ans: True.
13. Learning is the change of behaviour only for better, not for worse.
Ans: False.
14. Learning can be both conscious and unconscious.
Ans: True.
15. Even a very temporary change of behaviour is called learning.
Ans: True.
16. Insightful learning is a mechanical type of learning.
Ans: False.
17. Learning by trial and error is not effective for higher education.
Ans: True.
18. Trial and error learning is a problem solving type of learning.
Ans: True.
19. Maturation is a natural process.
Ans: True.
20. In trial and error learning errors have learning value.
Ans: True.
21. Maturation is biological in nature.
Ans: True.
22. Leaning depends upon intelligence level of the organism.
Ans: True.
23. All learning is modification of behaviour, but all modification of behaviour is not learning.
Ans: True.
24. Leaning depends upon intelligence level of the organism.
Ans: True.
25. Learning is changes in behaviour resulting from behaviour.
Ans: True.
26. Learning is acquisition of socially desirable behaviour.
Ans: True.
27. Maturation is need based.
Ans: False.
28. Maturation is a life long process.
Ans: True.
29. Learning is not directly influenced by heredity.
Ans: True.
30. Both learning and maturation are individualized process.
Ans: False.
31. Learning is an organic process.
Ans: True.
32. Over learning is the learning beyond the point of first errorless reproduction.
Ans: True.
33. Trial and error method of learning is ‘Learning by selecting and connecting.’
Ans: True.
34. Conditioning is a form of associative learning.
Ans: True.
35. Conditioning involves substitution of one stimulus for another.
Ans: True.
36. Conditioning is a mechanical process.
Ans: True.
37. Condition responses are specific and non flexible in nature.
Ans: False.
38. Condition responses are permanent.
Ans: True.
39. Learning by insight implies gradual grasping of the solution of learning problem.
Ans: True.
40. Learning is not proportionate to the amount of exercise.
Ans: False.
41. Learning is the product of both direct and indirect experience.
Ans: True.
42. Learning is a self active process.
Ans: True.
(b) Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words:
43. Trial and error method of learning was advocated by _____________.
Ans: Edward Lee Thorndite.
44. Gestalt is a _____________ word.
Ans: German.
45. Law of exercise emphasizes the need of _____________.
Ans: Repetition.
46. Learning is the modification of _____________ through experience.
Ans: Behaviour.
47. _____________ theory was propounded by Pavlov.
Ans: Classical conditioning.
48. According to Gestalt psychology a whole is more than the sum of it’s _____________.
Ans: Parts.
49. The animal with which Kohler conducted most of his experiment in Tenerife land was _____________.
Ans: Chimpanzee.
50. Learning is acquisition of _____________.
Ans: Habits, knowledge and attitudes.
51. According to Thorndike learning is establishment of connection between _____________ and _____________.
Ans: Stimulus (s) and response (reaction) (R).
52. The natural response created by an artificial stimulus is known as _____________.
Ans: Conditioning.
56. ‘Learning in modification of behaviour through experience and training’. Choose the name of the person associated with the statements _____________.
Ans: Gates.
57. By profession Pavlov was a _____________.
Ans: Physiologist.
58. Learning by insight is the contribution of the _____________ school of psychology.
Ans: Gestalt.
59. Trial and error method of learning is associated with the theory of _____________.
Ans: Trial and error method of learning is associated with the theory of connectionism.
60. Satisfaction and practice are basic factors in _____________ method of learning.
Ans: Satisfaction and practice are basic factors in Effect method of learning.
61. Learning is possible only when a certain stage of _____________ is reached.
Ans: Learning is possible only when a certain stage of Experience is reached.
62. Conditioning is a new connection between artificial stimulus and _____________.
Ans: Conditioning is a new connection between artificial stimulus and Natural or natural stimulus.
63. This theory emphasis the need of _____________ ability in learning.
Ans: This theory emphasis the need of response to the stimulus ability in learning.
64. Insight is an awareness of common _____________.
Ans: Inside is an awareness of common things.
65. The law of effect stresses the importance of _____________ on learning.
Ans: The law of effect stresses the importance of reward and punishment on learning.
66. The law of _____________ emphasizes the role of rewards and punishment in learning.
Ans: The law of effect emphasizes the role of rewards and punishment in learning.
67. Learning involves the acquisition of knowledge, habits and _____________.
Ans: Learning involves the acquisition of knowledge, habits and attitudes.
68. Motivation is a _____________ factor of learning.
Ans: Motivation is a key factor of learning.
69. _____________ refers to the internal state that drives the learner towards goal.
Ans: Motivation refers to the internal state that drives the learners towards goal.
70. Gestalt’ means _____________.
Ans: Gestalt means surface.
71. Through repeated attempts, after a long time a pupil succeeds in computing a sum by him. Such learning is supported by theory of _____________.
Ans: Through repeated attempts, after a long time a pupil succeeds in computing a sum by him. Such learning is supported by theory of trial and error method of learning.
72. According to Skinner ” learning is both acquisition and retention of habit, knowledge and _____________”.
Ans: attitude.
73. “With repeated attempts a student succeeds in computing a sum by himself” – this learning is supported by theory by the theory of _____________.
Ans: E. L. Thorndike.
74. _____________ is the learning beyond the point of first errorless reproduction.
Ans: Law of Readiness.
75. According to _____________ theory, learning is not product of practice.
Ans: Cognitioning.
76. Which Laws of learning or Method of learning seems to operate in the following cases?
(a) Practice makes a man perfect.
Ans: Law of exercise.
(b) Nothing succeeds like success.
Ans: Law.
(c) Meera is praised by her teacher in the classes for her good performance in arithmetic. She continues solving the problems of her own accord.
Ans: Law of effect.
(d) It is no use of teaching grammar to four years old Varun.
Ans: Trial and error.
(e) The driver of a car stops the car when he sees a red signal in a traffic point.
Ans: Insight learning.
(f) The beginner in swimming wastes muscle energy in Kicking and Splashing with his arms.
Ans: Law of readiness.
77. Match the person associated with the theory.
| A | B |
| (a) Koffka | (a) Theory of conditioning |
| (b) Thorndike | (b) Gestalt theory |
| (c) Pavlov | (c) Trial and Error |
Ans:
| A | B |
| (a) koffka | (b) Gestalt theory. |
| (b) Thorndike | (c) Trial and error. |
| (c) Pavlov | (b) Theory of conditioning. |
(d) Give Short Answer (preferable in one sentence):
78. Who was the Russian doctor who invented ‘learning by conditioning?’
Ans: Ivan Pavlov.
79. Who was the psychologist who introduced the term ‘insight’s as a form of learning’?
Ans: Kohler, Koffka and Wertheimer.
80. What is a condition response?
Ans: Learning occurs when a national response is associated with other artificial stimulus instead of a natural stimulus.
81. What is an unconditioned stimulus?
Ans: In classical conditioning under a natural response is shifted to new stimulus and unconditioned stimulus is formed.
82. Give an example of behaviour which we learn from trial and error method.
Ans: Eg- Deleting our bad behaviour and acquiring good behaviour.
83. Give an example of behaviour which is the result of conditioning.
Ans: Acquiring good habits.
84. Write the definition of learning given by Gates.
Ans: According to Gates, “learning is the modification of behaviour through experience and training.”
85. Which is the unconditioned response in Pavlov’s experiment on conditioning?
Ans: The sound of the bell.
86. Which is the theory related with the trial and error method of learning?
Ans: Theory of connectionism.
87. Which the theory related with insightful learning.
Ans: Gestalt theory.
88. Mention a common characteristic of maturation and learning.
Ans: Maturation provides readiness to learn.
89. What is the meaning of insight?
Ans: Inside means seeing of relationship for meaning in to a situation. Learning through inside express that learning is an intellectual activity that involves the power of deservation, perception and insight of learner.
90. ‘Learning in modification of behaviour through experience and training.’ Write the name of the person associated with the statements.
Ans: Learning in modification of behaviour through experience and training. The name of the person associated with the statements is Edward Gates.
91. Which Laws of learning or Method of learning seems to operate in the following cases?
(a) Practice makes a man perfect.
(b) Nothing succeeds like success.
(c) Meera is praised by her teacher in the classes for her good performance in arithmetic. She continues solving the problems of her own accord.
(d) It is no use of teaching grammar to four years old Varun.
(e) The driver of a car stops the car when he sees a red signal in a traffic point.
(f) The beginner is swimming wastes muscles energy in Kicking and Splashing with his arms.
Ans: Which laws of learning or method of learning seems to operate in the following eases:
(a) Practice makes a man perfect – law of exercise.
(b) Nothing succeeds like success – law of readiness.
(c) Meera is praised by her teacher in the classes for her good performance in arithmetic. She continues solving the problems of her own accord – law of effect.
(d) It’s no use of teaching grammar to a four year old Varun – Law of disuse.
(e) The driver of a car stop the car when be sees a red signal in a traffic point – law of use.
(f) The beginner in swimming wastes muscle energy is Kicking and Splashing with his arms – law of readiness.
92. Match the person associated with the theory.
| A | B |
| (a) Koffka | (a) Theory of conditioning |
| (b) Thorndike | (b) Gestalt theory |
| (c) Pavlov | (c) Trial and Error |
Ans:
| A | B |
| (a) Koffka | (b) Gestalt theory |
| (b) Thorndike | (c) Trial and Error |
| (c) Pavlov | (a) Theory of conditioning |
| B. QUESTIONS FOR 2 MARK EACH |
1. Define learning.
Ans: According to Gates, ‘Learning is the modification of behaviour through experience and training.’
According to Guilford, ‘Learning is any change in behaviour resulting from behaviour.”
2. Describe the concept of learning by giving suitable example.
Ans: Learning takes place, consciously or unconsciously in the life of every individual even from infancy. We live in a social environment where we have to face a variety of situations and circumstances. We have to learn to face the problems of life, as we have to adjust ourselves to the social environment. We modify (change) our nature; we gain experience and knowledge while adjusting ourselves to the circumstances or situations. This means that learning is the modification of behaviour. It is the effective response to a situation. It is our necessity to acquire skill, ingenuity (dexterity), knowledge and good habits to make ourselves fit into this world. An individual must learn to survive. Only the fittest can survive in the struggle for existence. Leaning helps us to be fit.
We learn in order to adjust ourselves to the situations and environment. The child learns many things from the environment mainly by imitation. He learns to stand up, walk, eat, dress etc. by imitating the elders. Learning is a life long process, from cradle to grave. It is aptly said that learning is living and living is learning. In the process of learning, initially we make mistakes, but gradually the mistakes disappear and we make the correct response. In learning to ride a bi-cycle or drive a care, we make mistake. With continued efforts and training, errors are decreased and learning takes place. The individual then acquires the ability to respond to the situation. He must learn in order to renew, reorganise his experiences to meet (face) new situations.
3. Describe laws of use and disuse.
Ans: This law states when a modifiable connection is made between a situation and a response, that connection’s strength is, other things being equal increased. When modifiable connection is not made between a situation and a response over a length of time that connection’s strength is decreased.
4. Mention the two parts of law of exercise.
Ans: The two parts of law of exercise are:
(a) Law of use.
(b) Law of disuse.
This law states when a modifiable connection is made between a situation and a response, that connection’s strength is, other things being equal increased. When modifiable connection is not made between a situation and a response over a length of time that connection’s strength is decreased.
5. What is over learning?
Ans: Over learning beyond the point of the first error less reproduction. It help in retention. However, there may be diminishing advantages as the degree or learning increased.
6. What is spaced learning?
Ans: Spaced learning is one of the important factors of learning. In this process the learner according to the need can break away from his learning. This will rejuvenate his body and mind to learn in a better way.
7. What is insight?
Ans: Insight means seeing of relationship or meaning into a situation. Insightful method of learning is based on gestalt theory. The three German psychologists Wertheimer, Kohler and Koffka were the propounder of this theory. According to them, learning is an intellectual activity that involves the power of deservation, perception and insight of the learner. For them learning takes place as a whole.
8. ‘Learning is a process of development’ – explain.
Ans: Human beings to adjust and fit himself in various environment learning helps him. To more him happy and live in an environment in a suitable way learning helps an individual. It teaches him to learn various way of surviving.
9. Write the name of two supporter of Gestalt theory of learning.
Ans: Kohler and Koffka.
10. Describe the concept of learning by giving suitable example.
Ans. Learning takes place, consciously or unconsciously in the life of every individual even from infancy. We live in a social environment where we have to face a variety of situations and circumstances. We have to learn to face the problems of life, as we have to adjust ourselves to the social environment. We modify (change) our nature; we gain experience and knowledge while adjusting ourselves to the circumstances or situations. This means that learning is the modification of behaviour. It is the effective response to a situation. It is our necessity to acquire skill, ingenuity (dexterity), knowledge and good habits to make ourselves fit into this world. An individual must learn to survive. Only the fittest can survive in the struggle for existence. Leaning helps us to be fit.
We learn in order to adjust ourselves to the situations and environment. The child learns many things from the environment mainly by imitation. He learns to stand up, walk, eat, dress etc. by imitating the elders. Learning is a life long process, from cradle to grave. It is aptly said that learning is living and living is learning. In the process of learning, initially we make mistakes, but gradually the mistakes disappear and we make the correct response. In learning to ride a bi-cycle or drive a care, we make mistake. With continued efforts and training, errors are decreased and learning takes place. The individual then acquires the ability to respond to the situation. He must learn in order to renew, reorganise his experiences to meet (face) new situations.
11. Describe laws of use and disuse.
Ans. This law states when a modifiable connection is made between a situation and a response, that connection’s strength is, other things being equal increased. When modifiable connection is not made between a situation and a response over a length of time that connection’s strength is decreased.
12. Mention the two parts of law of exercise.
Ans: The two parts of law of exercise are:
(a) Law of use.
(b) Law of disuse.
This law states when a modifiable connection is made between a situation and a response, that connection’s strength is, other things being equal increased. When modifiable connection is not made between a situation and a response over a length of time that connection’s strength is decreased.
13. What is over learning?
Ans: Over learning beyond the point of the first error less reproduction. It help in retention. However, there may be diminishing advantages as the degree or learning increased.
14. What is spaced learning?
Ans: Spaced learning is one of the important factors of learning. In this process the learner according to the need can break away from his learning. This will rejuvenate his body and mind to learn in a better way.
15. What is insight?
Ans: Insight means seeing of relationship or meaning into a situation. Insightful method of learning is based on gestalt theory. The three German psychologists Wertheimer, Kohler and Koffka were the propounder of this theory. According to them, learning is an intellectual activity that involves the power of deservation, perception and insight of the learner. For them learning takes place as a whole.
16. ‘Learning is a process of development’ – explain.
Ans: Human beings to adjust and fit himself in various environment learning helps him. To more him happy and live in an environment in a suitable way learning helps an individual. It teaches him to learn various way of surviving.
17. Write the name of two supporter of Gestalt theory of learning.
Ans: Kohler and Koffka.
18. Differentiate between over learning and relearning.
Ans: Over learning meaning going through some learning again and again and overlapping it.
Relearning mean learning the sam learning.
19. Explain learning as a function of practice?
Ans: Learning is a function of practice-because learning can be made permanent by practice. Learning is posible when the activity is reapeted again and again, when it is not reaped it is not learnt.
20. What is Condition stimulus?
Ans: A neutral stimulus which evokes no response on the first presentation is called condition stimulous.
21. What is Unconditioned response?
Ans: Unconditioned stimulus is that which conveys the meaning that the response depends upon no special condition.
| C. QUESTIONS FOR 3 MARK EACH |
22. What do mean by maturation?
Ans: Maturation is a natural process. It is the growth which takes place within the individual. Maturational changes are relatively independent of activity, practice or experiences. Maturation may be considered as the development brought by growth of the neural and mascular system. Thus maturation is regarded as the process of growth and development which takes place within the individual without any special training, practice or any other type of stimulation.
23. What are the major laws of learning?
Ans: The major laws of learning are:
(a) Law of Readiness.
(b) Law of Effect.
(c) Law of Exercise.
(a) Law of Readiness: It states “when a bond is ready to act, to act gives satisfaction and not to act gives annoyance. When a bond which is not ready to act is made to act, annoyance is caused.
(b) Law of Effect: It states when a modifiable connection between a stimulus and response is made and is accompanied or followed by a satisfying state of affairs, the connection’s strength is increased, when made and accompanied or followed by an annoying state of affairs, its strength is decreased.”
(c) Law of exercise: It states – “When a modifiable connection is made between a situation and a response that connection’s strength is, other things being equal, increased. When modifiable connection is not made between a situation and a response over a length of time that connection’s strength is decreased.”
24. Write three most important characteristics of learning.
Ans. Two characteristics of learning are:
(i) Learning is profiting experience: In our every action, we try to realize our past experience. The action based on past experience may be described as learned activities.
(ii) Learning increase skill and efficiency: The skill and efficiency of the individual develop through learning. Learning helps the individual to environmental changes. It is a universal process.
25. Show the limitation of insightful learning.
Ans: Limitation of insightful learning:
(i) Young and immature children are incapable of using insight in solving problems. Their power of thinking, reasoning and intelligence are inadequate to cope with the situation. Dependability and imitativeness remain more active in them.
(ii) Even the layman in society are incapable of exercising insight. When faced with their problems they usually follow the method of learning through mistake. A false move or an erroneous attempt may often lead to solution of their problems.
26. Learning by trial and error needs repetition. – explain.
Ans: Trial and error learning is a gradual process that results from limitations. At the initial stage the number of errors and the time taken appear to be substantially high. In the subsequent attempts are in the downward trend. The state of helplessness or blindness of the situation gradual eliminates from the learner. It is described as a mechanical method, the essence of which is trial or repetition. Repetition helps to eliminate the wrong and follow the right attempt.
27. Distinguish between trial and error and insightful learning.
Ans. (a) Trial and Error method of learning and learning by insight: According to Thorndike learning. comes through trial and error. Individuals commits several errors in his efforts to adjust himself to a situation. But gradually after several attempts errors are eliminated and correct adjustment to the situation is made. This is the basic idea of trial and error method.
Learning by insight emphasises the power to see the relationship between different parts of situation. It means the understanding of the situation as a whole. Kohler visualised that a person can deduce the solution by insight if he perceives the situation as a whole.
There are several differences between the two methods of learning,
They are:
(i) Trial and error method is a gradual process of learning that results from repetition. Learning through insight does not follow such a mechanical process to arrive at the solution.
(ii) Trial and error method emphasis on physical aspect of the situation. Insightful method, on the other hand, emphasises on perceptual aspect of learning.
(iii) Trial and error method does not involve a higher level of mental ability of learner, whereas insightful learning requires higher mental and intellectual ability.
(iv) Outcome of the trial and error method is uncertain and time- consuming, whereas insightful method ensures immediate result.
18. Discuss the relationship between:
(i) Learning and motivation.
Ans: Learning and Motivation: Motivation is said to be the sine-qua non in learning. In the absence of it the result or output of learning is bound to be small. Motivation goes to mean creating conditions for psycho-physical readiness to learn. Learning is a self activity of the learner that needs personal effort, initiative and readiness in mind. Such a mental state needs to be created in the learner prior to his start of learning.
(ii) Learning and knowledge of result.
Ans: Learning and knowledge of result: Learning depends upon the result on the effect that follows. If the result is satisfactory the learner is more inspired to repeat it. The dissatisfaction result discourages such repetition of learning.
(iii) Learning and difficulty of learning material.
Ans: Learning and difficulty of learning materials:
Difficulty is a very important fact in learning. It is experimentally proved that learning curve for easy material showed rapid early gains which gradually slowed down and that for difficult material showed show initial gains while gradually increased.
29. What do you mean by over learning?
Ans: Over learning beyond the point of the first error less reproduction. It help in retention However, there may be diminishing advantages as the degree or learning increased.
30. Mention the similarities between learning and maturation process?
Ans: Maturation is a change caused by physical growth. It is a process of natural development which involves the growth of the cells, tissues and organs of body. Learning is mental process which is depend upon the physical growth. Learning is impossible without the maturation. A two month old child cannot be given toy training or two years of old cannot be taught reading Again five year old child cannot learn typing. So, the maturation of child is an important condition in learning a new task. Hence learning very much depends upon maturation.
| D. QUESTIONS FOR 4 MARK EACH |
31. “Learning is the modification of behaviour through experience and training” Amplify the statement.
Ans: Learning is a very comprehensive term. Learning does not mean only the acquisition of knowledge or skill, it means much more than that. Thus, it includes acquiring of attitudes, values; likes, dislikes, and many other habits. A number of psychologists have defined learning as modification of behaviour. Thus, learning is the process by which an organism, as a result of its interaction with a situation, acquires a new mode of behaviour, which tends to persist and affect the general behaviour pattern of the organism to some degree. According to G.A Kimble, “Learning refers to a more or less permanent change in behaviour which occurs as a result of practice.”
Nunn says, “Learning is more or less permanent incremental modification of behaviour which results from activity, special training or observation.
The above cited definitions emphasis that learning results in change or modification of behaviour. Thus all learning results in change or modification of behviour.”
All learning is modification of behaviour, but all modification of behaviour is not learning. We may say that, “learning is limited to those changes in behaviour which are a result of training and experience and not a result of maturation or temporary physiological or psychological states of the organism.” Learning stands for relatively permanent change or modification of behaviour. The temporary change does not constitute learning. The modification of behaviour may take place in the desirable direction or in the underisable direction. For example, children learn good habits as well as bad habits. It is expected that teachers and parents must always encourage children to learn desirable behaviour. It is not practice alone that causes learning. In fact, learning occurs under conditions of reinforcement. Thus, learning is a relatively permanent change in behaviour and is the result of reinforced practice. Human behaviour results from two basic forces, forces inside the individual, and forces outside the individual. The inside force means man’s physical hungers and his psychological urges, the outside forces are one’s aims and objectives, expectation of rewards and other requirements of the society. An individual tries to modify his behaviour to meet his internal and external needs. Needs and requirements, therefore, are the basic causes of learning.
Thus needs can also be classified in the following manner:
(i) Basic needs: Food, shelter, sex etc.
(ii) Psychological needs: Satisfaction of urges and desires, pleasures and happiness.
(iii) Normative needs: Attainment of aims and objectives. Observing norms and values, acting according to the standards set by the adults and society.
Behaviour, therefore, is prone to modifications due to need oriented learning and is both complex and purposeful. Therefore, the modification of behaviour through learning towards the fulfilment of the individual’s need and a socially approved way is the main concern of a teacher.
32. Discuss the role of reward and punishment in learning.
Ans: Reward and punishment is an important factor of learning. It acts as a strong incentive to learn. Modern psychologists, however use a more general term to cover both cases ‘reinforcement’. Reinforcement is one that strengthens a response. A reward is a positive reinforcement and punishment is a negative reinforcement. These are the key to learning. But if they are not applied in the right way at the right time there is no learning.
33. “Learning depends upon maturation” – explain.
Ans: Maturation is a change caused by physical growth. It is a process of natural development which involves the growth of the cells, tissues and organs of the body. Learning is mental process which is dependent upon the physical growth. Learning is impossible without the maturation. A two month old child cannot be given toy training or a two year old cannot be taught reading. Again a 5 year old child cannot learn typing. So, the maturation of the child is an important condition in learning a new task. Hence, learning very much depends upon maturation.
34. Discuss about the relationship between learning and maturation.
Ans: Maturation is a change caused by physical growth. It is a process of natural development which involves the growth of the cells, tissues and organs of the body. Learning is mental process which is dependent upon the physical growth. Learning is impossible without the maturation. A two month old child cannot be given toy training or a two year old cannot be taught reading. Again a 5 year old child cannot learn typing. So, the maturation of the child is an important condition in learning a new task. Hence, learning very much depends upon maturation.
35. Distinguish between learning and maturation.
Ans: Difference between learning and mattertion are:
| Mattertion | Rearning |
| (i) It is based on heredity | (i) It is basd on environment |
| (ii) It is a process of behavioural | (ii) It is a planned process of change modification of behaviour. |
| (iii) It is an age limit process | (iii) It is a life long process. |
| (iv) Maturation is not related to activities but to the structure and potential capacity. | (iv) Learning is related to activities and experiences. |
| (v) In materation practice is not regarded | (v) In learning practice is essential for behavioural change. |
| (vi) Maturation do not require motivation | (vi) Learning require motivation. |
36. What is the educative value of law of effect?
Ans: Educative value of law of effect:
Educational significance of this law is quite obvious. Student’s progress in learning follows this law of effect. Success or satisfaction in the result leads to more success. The teacher makes use of the technique of reward and punishment in school on the basis of this law. Reward stimulates one to achieve more success and punishment discourages in the attempt. Teacher may make use of this device in strengthening desirable behaviour and attitude and removing undesirable one of his students. This law of effect thus justifies the use of reward and punishment in school.
37. Distinguish between whole and part learning.
Ans. Difference between part and whole learning:
| Part learning | Whole learning |
| (i) The material of learning is divided into different parts and each part is mastered at a time. | (i) Here instead of dividing the materials into parts and learning it seperately concentration is pul on the entire task at one time |
| (ii) This method is very useful for small children. | (ii) This method is useful for higher aged children. |
| (iii) It is a lower form of learning. | (iii) It is a higher form of learning. |
38. Discuss about the impact of distribution of practice on learning.
Ans: The length of the practice session and distribution of the rest period affect the learning process to a great extend. It has been found for a wide variety of motor skill, that practice is more effective, when it includes brief and judiciously distributed rest periods. This leads to rapid learning as compare to continuous practice. However, practice period should not be to long. Similarly it should not be short or frequent either. This would tend to break the task into small parts. Actually, the practice period will depend upon the learning task and the age of the learner. No. extreme of spacing and massing is desirable.
39. Explain the following on the basis of conditioning.
(a) In a circus, the Elephant responds to the signs made by his trainer. These signs may not be meaningful to an observer, but the elephant exhibits different activities on the basis of these sings.
Ans: The elephant has already been trained up to do those activities as indicated by the trainer. And these learning of the elephant are the response of conditioning. After happening” conditioning” the elephant follows the signs made by the trainer.
(b) While giving a piece of meat to a dog a man say “Stand up” holding the piece before the dog. After repeating it several times he says “Stand up” but does not exhibit any meat, The dog stand up.
Ans: The new stimulus “indication of empty hand” has taken the place of original stimulus “piece of meat” in producing the response ‘Stand Up’. The dog has already setup his mind to that response through conditioning learning. Therefore it happens so as mentioned above.
40. Outline the experimental proceeding that led to conditioning.
Ans: The Experiment on conditioning learning done by ‘Pavlov’ is as follows-
Pavlov experimented with a hungry do to elaborate his conditioned response theory. When he gave meat to the dog it salivated. After sometime he gave meat to the dog at the ringing of a bell. The dog again salivated which meant that the dog responded to the joint stimulation of meat and the bell. This experiment was conducted a number of times. Ultimately it was observed that mere sound of the bell, even without meat, was enough to bring saliva in the dogs mouth. It indicated that the original stimulus of meat had been replaced by the stimulus of sound of the bell to bring saliva, in the mouth of the dog. This means that the sound of the bell as stimulus had been conditioned with the dog’s response by discharging saliva.
41. Distinguish between learning and maturation.
Ans: The distinguish between learning and maturation are as follows:
(a) Maturation is primarily based on heredity, where as learning is primarily based on environment.
(b) Maturation is related to the structure and potential capacity. On the other hand learning is related to activities and experiences.
(c) In maturation both suitable and unsuitable type of situations are used, where as in learning only conducive and suitable situations are used.
(d) Maturation is not depends upon learning. But learning is very much depends upon maturation.
| E. QUESTIONS FOR 5 MARK EACH |
42. Explain the nature of learning.
Ans: The nature of learning may be identified with its characteristics which are briefly described below:
(i) Learning is a life-long process. It begins with birth and continues throughout life.
(ii) It is an act of adjustment of individual in his environment. Favourable situation helps in the process of such adjustment.
(iii) Learning depends on maturity which means physical and mental growth and development.
(iv) All, learning is not of the same type. There are qualitative differences between one type of learning and another.
(v) Learning is also dependent upon one’s innate intelligence and other capacities. It is on the basic of hereditary endowment that one can learn different types of activities and behavioural patterns.
(vi) Learning is related to maturation. Unless and until there is the needed motivation, satisfactory learning is not possible.
(vii) Learning is also regarded as a function of practice. Practice helps to dropout awkward, unrhythmic and unnecessary response and leads to improvement in learning.
43. How is learning possible through trial and error? Explain with example.
Ans. Trial ans error method is a mechanical methods of education which was developed by noted educationist E.L. Thorndike. This method implies that when some activity is tried again and again, the possible errors get diminished. A man may make several attempts and at the initial stage he will make several errors. But gradually in the process of trial, errors will be eliminated and a time will come when there will be no error. Thus, learning is the establishment of bonds between stimulus and response and is associated with mechanical process blind trial and error.
Thorndike was interested in finding out how the animals learn. He kept a hungry cat inside a puzzle-box and a plate of fried fish was kept outside the box and beyond the reach of the cat. The door of the box could be opened only by pulling a string from inside. The hungry cat tried to come out of the box, but she did not know the device of coming out of it. She tried to squeeze through the bars, clawed, bit and rushed around striking here or there. Thus trying for sometime she accidentally pulled the string. The door was open and she eventually came out of the box to reach her plate of fish. In the successive trials the cat was placed in the same situation and it was found the cat could come out of the box without losing much time. Thorndike experimented on many other animals and his conclusion was that learning was nothing but trial and error.
The trial and error method is applicable to human beings also. It is common to children as well as adults. An infant learning to walk, write, dress commits mistakes in the beginning, but succeeds at the end. A grown-up man facing a new problem goes on making trials to adjust himself to the situation. When he commits errors in the initial stage, no bond is established between the stimulus and the response. When he succeeds after several attempts the bond is established between the two and thereby adjustment is made to the new situation.
Trial and error method of learning may be described as a mechanical form of learning. It does not involve higher mental or intellectual ability of the learner. So, in class room situation the teacher should not utilize this type of learning.
44. Determine the educative value of trial and error method of learning.
Ans: The noted psychologists and educationist Thorndike made extensive and intensive researches on this method both on men and animals. Thorndike advocated that learning took place through trial and error method. The soul of this method is repetition. An individual in a situation makes errors. In this process of efforts to solve a problem of adjust to a situation, gradually the number of errors is decreased. Eventually, through repeated efforts (trial) error will be totally eliminated. Thus learning takes place through trail and error. It means that learning takes place through error. From the errors the individual gains experience and knowledge which enable him to solve the problem. This method is also known as the hit or miss method. Both the children and the adults learns through this method.
45. Explain the conditioned response theory of learning. Give examples of learning through conditioning.
Ans. Conditioning means modification of original or natural response. ‘Learning by conditioning’ refers to learning derived by changing the original stimulus or by associating the original stimulus with a new stimulus through modification of the response. A child’s love for dog is the response. Once he is bitten by the dog he will no longer love it. i.e. he has changed or modified the response. He will learn that dog is dangerous and it is better not to love it.
The conditioned response theory was advocated by an Russian Scientist, Ivan Pavlov. The theory says that learning is the result of conditioning of the original or natural response to some other stimulus. For example, stimulus food gives effect to salivary response, presence of a snake give effect to fear response. When such natural response to stimulus get associated with some other simulus it may be conditioned. The natural response is then shifted to a new stimulus that gives effect to learning of new response. Such unusual response is technically called conditioned response. Pavlov experimented with a hungry dog to elaborate his conditioned response theory. When he gave meat to the dog it salivated. After sometime he gave meat to the dog at the ringing of a bell. The dog again salivated which meant that the dog responded to the joint stimulation of meat and the bell. This experiment was conducted a number of times. Ultimately it was observed that mere sound of the bell, even without meat, was enough to bring saliva in the dog’s mouth. It indicated that the original stimulus of meat had been replaced by the stimulus of sound of the bell to bring saliva in the mouth of the dog. This means that the sound of the bell as stimulus had been conditioned with the dog’s response by discharging saliva.
The idea of conditioned response has great educational value. It influence student’s likes, dislikes and priorities. Through conditioning of the original likes and dislikes new tastes, attitudes, aptitudes are created among students.
46. What is its bearing of conditioning theory of learning in classroom situation?
Ans: Many scientists and behaviourists like Pavlov, J.B. Watson consider that the theory of conditioning is based on the fundamental concept that learning is nothing but linking of a response to a stimulus. So, learning by conditioning means our learning is the result of conditioning of our natural response to some other stimulus.
Pavlov had undertaken an interesting experiment with the dog and thereby proved that salivation at the sight of food may be conditioned to the sound of the bell is a new response which is described as the result of conditioning in learning.
Educational implication of Pavlov’s conditioned response theory: The principles of classroom conditioning can be used in the following areas of animal and human behaviour:
(i) Developing good habits: Principles of classical conditioning can be used for developing good habits in children such as cleanliness, respect for elders, and punctuality etc.
(ii) Breaking of bad habits and elimination of conditioned fear. All learning is acquired in the social environment. Acquired learning may be deconditioned by using the principles of classical conditioning. Principles of classical conditioning can be used to deconditioning anxiety and fear in maladjusted children.
(iii) Training of the animals: Animal trainers have been using the principles of classical conditioning since long time without being much aware of the underlying mechanisms.
(iv) Use in psychotherapy: The principles of classical conditioning are used in deconditioning emotional fears in mental patients.
(v) Developing positive attitude: Classical conditioning can be used to develop favourable or unfavourable attitude towards learning, teacher and the school.
(vi) Teaching alphabets: The principles of classical conditioning are used to teach alphabets and fundamental principles of arithmetic by using some concrete material.
47. Explain learning by insight. Describe an experiment done in this respect.
Ans. Learning by insight refers to the insightful method of learning. It is one of the advanced methods of learning. Learning by insight emphasises the power to see the relationship between different parts of a situation. It means the understanding of the situation as a whole. Kohler was the chief exponent of this method of learning. As a Gestalt psychologist he visualised that a person can deduce the solution by insight if he perceives the situation as a whole.
Kohler conducted experiments on the method of learning with apes as his subjects. In one experiment he kept some apes in a closed room with some bananas hanging from the ceiling. A wooden box was also placed inside the room, but not just below the bananas. The apes made several attempts to get the bananas but failed. But suddenly one of the apes brought the wooden box below the bananas. He jumped up on the box and picked the bananas. This idea of bringing the box under the bananas occurred to the ape all of a sudden, like a flash of light. This phenomenon is known as learning by insight or insightful learning.
Learning by insight method involves the following characteristic steps:
(i) Avoiding the blind method of mechanical reputation.
(ii) Perceiving the situation as a whole.
(iii) Combining and correlating the parts.
(iv) Observing the parts that constitute the whole.
(v) Using the emerging idea in solving problem.
Class room application: Insightful learning discourages the blind mechanical method of trial and error. So, applicability of this type of learning is remarkable for the teacher. The teacher should present only the parts of the contents of learning to his students. Combining and correlating the parts through exercise of insight should be left to the students. Teacher should not work out everything of the lesson problem without leaving any room for the students own exercise. The teacher should only guide or direct the students and should play an indirect role.
48. What is importance learning by insight in the field of education?
Ans: (i) It trains one how to proceed in a planned way in solving problems.
(ii) It makes mean self-depended and become guide to one’s action.
(iii) It improves his power of perception and organisation of the parts in solving the problems.
(iv) Creative potential of individual may find expression through this method.
49. Discuss how primary laws of learning can be applied in class room.
Ans. E.L. Thorndike has outlined three major law and five minor laws. The major laws are of great educational significance.
The laws are described below:
(i) Law of effect: This laws states that “When a modifiable connection between a stimulus and response is made and is accompanied or followed by a satisfying state of affairs, the connection’s strength is increased; when made and accompanied or followed by an annoying state of affairs, its strength is decreased.”
The underlying principle of this law is that learning depends upon the result or the effect that follows. Good result increases strength and bad result decreases it. If the result is satisfactory the learner is inspired to repeat it.
The law has great educative value. Student’s progress in learning follow this law of effect. Success or satisfaction is the result bring more success. The teacher can apply this law in the class room. On the basis of this law the teacher can make use of reward and punishment in schools. The teacher should see that the learning which aims to develop good qualities in children is followed by satisfaction.
(ii) Law of Exercise: This law states that learning can be made permanent by repetition. Learning is possible when the activity is repeated again and again; when it is not repeated it is not learnt. We learn what we do and we do not learn what we do not do. This law has two parts-law of use and law of disuse. The law of use states, “when a modifiable connection is made between a situation and response that connection’s strength is increased.” The law of disuse states, “when a modifiable connection is not made between a situation and a response that connection’s strength is decreased.” The two laws imply that connection’s strength increases due to exercise and decreases due to absence of it. They also imply that learning experience can be made durable by repetition.
The law of exercise has great educative value and it can be applied in the class room. Teachers should try to repeat lessons in the class frequently. The law is associated with two factor, -intensity and recency. The more intense the stimulus the deeper does it become. Similarly what is learned recently is remembered better.
(iii) The law of readiness: The law of readiness states.” When a bond is ready to act, to act gives satisfaction and not to act gives annoyance. When a bond which is not ready to act is made to act, annoyance is caused.” The simplified meaning of the law is that if a learner is ready to learn he learns quickly. If he is not ready to learn he will take more time to learn. In short, physical and mental readiness is required for effective learning.
The law has also educative value. It is very effective for class room teaching. The learner must prepare himself for learning. Therefore, the teachers should try to create interest in the class and make children mentally alert and eager to receive a lesson. In the absence of readiness learning should not be imposed arbitrarily on the learner. Economy of learning may be derived only through the application of the law of readiness.
50. Give illustrations of the operations of the three laws of learning in the classroom situation.
Ans: E.L. Thorndike had outlined three major laws of learning. These laws have great educative significance for the teacher.
Their nature and educative bearing may be described below:
(i) Law of effect: This law states, “When a modifiable connection between a stimulus and response is made and accompanied or followed by a satisfying state of affairs, that connection’s strength is increased when made and accompanied or followed by an annoying state of affairs, its strength is decreased.”
The main principle underlying this law is that learning depends upon the result or the effect that follows,
Educational value of this law is quite obvious. Students educative progress follows this law of effect. Success or satisfaction in the result leads to more success. On the other hand dissatisfaction in the result makes them discouraged.
(ii) Law of exercise: This law states that learning experiences may be made permanent by use of repetition. This law is subdivided into two sub-laws- law of use and law of disuse. Law of use states. “When a modifiable connection is made between a situation and the response that connection’s strength is, other things being equal, increased.” The law of disuse states, “When a modifiable connection is not made between a situation and the response over a length of time, that connections strength is decreased.”
This law of exercise has its direct implication to education. The students need to repeat or exercise his initial learning experience in order to make it more permanent. All learning aims at nothing more than formation of desirable habits by way of repetition. On the other hand undesirable and harmful behaviour and their formation of habit should be stopped by disuse.
(iii) Law of readiness: This law states that, “When a bond is ready to act it gives annoyance. When a bond which is not ready to act is made to act, annoyance is caused.” This law therefore focuses our attention to the fact that physical readiness is the essential condition of learning.
Educative significance of this law is more valuable to the teacher and the taught. Teacher should know the appropriate time and situation of learning. He should always be guided by the principle of psycho-physical readiness of the learner. The mechanical learning without readiness fails to achieve the desired result.
From the above discussion it is evident that Thorndike’s laws of learning have their great educational value.
51. Write the major characteristics of learning.
Ans: Characteristics of learning are:
(i) Learning takes place due to new experience and training.
(ii) Learning is the establishment of bond between stimulus and response.
(iii) Learning is an act of adjustment of individual with his environment.
(iv) Learning is goal oriented.
(v) Learning is nothing but problem solving.
(vi) Learning is universal process.
(vii) Maturation plays on important role in learning.
(viii) Habits makes learning permanent.
(ix) Interest and learning are interrelated.
(x) Learning depends on motivation.
(xi) Learning is an individual activity.
52. Discuss about the factors of learning which are related with the learner.
Ans: Factors of learning related to the learner are:
(i) Motivation: It refers to the internal state that drives the learner towards some goal. The learner with high motivation tend to make more responses than a learner with a weak motivation. An individual’s motivation or the urge to learn brings about better learning.
(ii) Age: There is a popular belief that children learn better than adult or old people. It is believed that, more people grow in age, the more their ability to learn new material decrease.
(iii) Sex’: It is generally observed that there are sex differences in learning of various subjects, skills, attitudes etc. Different studies attempt to answer whether these differences are innately derived for the difference in sex or they are the product of culture and social roles assigned to male and female in our society.
(iv) Previous experience: New learning depends on old learning Thus learning is always influenced by previous experiences.
53. Describe the factors of learning which are related with the subject of learning.
Ans: Factors of learning related with the subject of learning are:
(i) Difficulty: Difficulty is a very important fact in learning. It is experimentally proved that learning curve for easy material showed rapid gains which gradually slowed down and that for difficult material showed slow initial gains which gradually increased.
(ii) Meaningfulness of materials: The meaningfulness of the material to be learnt contributes to learning efficiency. It the learning materials are meaningful than it is easier to learn.
54. Explain the factors of learning which are related with the methods of learning.
Ans: There are three methods of learning:
(i) Trial and Error.
(ii) Learning by insight.
(iii) Leaning by imitation.
(i) Trial Error Method: The noted psychologists and educationist Thorndike made extensive and intensive researches on this method both on men and animals. Thorndike advocated that learning took place through trial and error method. The soul of this method is repetition. An individual in a situation makes errors. In this process of efforts to solve a problem of adjust to a situation, gradually the number of errors is decreased. Eventually, through repeated efforts (trial) error will be totally eliminated. Thus learning takes place through trail and error. It means that learning takes place through error. From the errors the individual gains experience and knowledge which enable him to solve the problem. This method is also known as the hit or miss method. Both the children and the adults learns through this method.
(ii) Learning by insight: When learning takes place through insight it is known as learning by insight. Insight is the power to see the relationship between the different part of a situation. It means the understanding of the situation as a whole. It includes perception, imagination and ideas. Insight indicates understanding of the relationship in the learning situation.
Human beings solve many problems of daily life by insight. The students learn in the class room by insight also. Real learning takes place through insight according to some educationists. Insight is the basis of human learning. It involves mental power.
(iii) Learning by imitation: Imitation is an instinctive tendency that urges one to follow or accept thought, feeling and activity of others uncritically. This native tendency helps to adjust oneself with the situation and derive experience of learning. Behind imitation there is always a sense of inferiority in the mind of the individual. He bears the sense of honour, prestige and suggestibility towards the imitable person which urge him to imitate. It is a sense of submission of one’s own thought and judgement to a person who is considered as ideal to be followed. Such a mental set only makes one imitate. Imitative learning is an instinctive tendency of children. It remains more active in the stage of infancy and childhood. In our social life imitative tendency helps in the transmission of culture and civilization.
55. Discuss how laws of effect can be applied in classroom.
Ans: The laws of effect can be applied in the class room are as follows:
(a) The teaching: learning situation in the classroom should be satisfactory and enjoyable for the children as well as for the teacher.
(b) School activities should be interesting and capable of meeting the need of the child.
(c) Learning activities should be meaningful of understandable for the children.
(d) Teaching learning situations are to be arranged in increasing difficulty order so that the children may progress without failure.
(e) School activities should be progressive in nature of related to the past experiences of students.
56. Discuss about the educational significance of law of practice.
Ans: The educational significance of law of practice are as follows:
(a) Learners or students should devote much of their learning time to acquiring all the facts, abilities, arts and skills which they will find useful.
(b) Sufficient opportunity should be given to the learners and students for practising and repeating the new learning materials.
(c) The students should have constant practice in what has one been learnt.
(d) To maintain the connection for a longer period it is necessary to revive the learned material at intervals of time.
(e) Much time should not clap between one practice & the subsequent one. Long disuse or delayed use may cause forgetfulness.
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