SEBA Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 2 Rise of Gandhi and the Freedom Movement of India

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Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 2 Rise of Gandhi and the Freedom Movement of India

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Rise of Gandhi and the Freedom Movement of India

HISTORY

Very short/short answer questions.

1. When was Mahatma Gandhi born?

Ans: Mahatma Gandhi born on 2nd october,1869 at Porbandar, Gujarat.

2. In which country did Gandhi first apply the technique of Satyagraha?

Ans: South africa.

3. Why did Rabindranath Tagore renounce his Knighthood?

Ans: Rabindranath Tagore renounced his Knighthood as a mark of protest against the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.

4. Under whose leadership was the Khilafat movement started in India? 

Ans: the Khilafat movement started in India under Maulana Shaukat Ali and Mohammad Ali ( Ali brothers).

5. When did the Chauri-Chaura incident take place?

Ans: Chauri-Chaura incident take place on February 5, 1922.

6. Under what circumstances did Lala Lajpat Rai lost his life? 

Ans: Lala Lajpat Rai died from injuries sustained during a lathi-charge on a protest against the Simon Commission in 1928.

7. When and in which session of the Indian National Congress was Purna Swaraj declared to be the chief goal of the Indians?

Ans: In 1929 and Congress session held in Lahore  Purna Swaraj declared to be the chief goal of the Indians.

8. Gandhi started on his Salt march from Sabarmati Ashram to the sea coast at Dandi. What was the distance between Sabarmati Ashram and the sea coast at Dandi? 

Ans: The distance between Sabarmati Ashram and the sea coast at Dandi is 385 kms.

9. Who was known as Frontier Gandhi? 

Ans: Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan is known as Frontier Gandhi.

10. Who was the sole Congress representative at the Second Round Table Conference in London? 

Ans: Mahatma Gandhi was the sole Congress representative at the Second Round Table Conference in London.

11. Name the British Prime Minister who announced the Communal Award in 1932?

Ans: The British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald announced the Communal Award in 1932.

12. During the course of which movement did Gandhi give the slogan “Do or Die”?

Ans: Quit India Movement of 1942.

13. Who was the founder of the Azad Hind Fauz?

Ans: Rash Behari Bose was the founder of the Azad Hind Fauz.

14. “Give me blood and I shall give you freedom”. This famous quote is attributed to which Indian leader?

Ans: Give me blood and I shall give you freedom”. This famous quote is attributed to Subhash Chandra Bose.

15. What is the name of the International Boundary Line between India and Pakistan?

Ans: Radcliffe Line is the International Boundary Line between India and Pakistan.

Long Answers

1. What do you understand by the term Satyagraha? Briefly write about the three  local disputes where Gandhi first applied the technique of Satyagraha in India?

Ans: The concept of Satyagraha was developed by Mahatma Gandhi during his stay in South Africa. It became his primary method of resistance against the discriminatory policies of the South African government. The term Satyagraha is derived from two Sanskrit words: ‘Satya’ meaning truth, and ‘Agraha’ meaning insistence or holding firmly to. Thus, Satyagraha literally means “insistence on truth” or “holding on to truth”.

Non-violence (Ahimsa) and truth (Satya) formed the core principles of Satyagraha. It is a method of peaceful resistance against injustice, where the unjust is countered not with violence, but with goodness, love, and moral courage. It aims to convert the wrongdoer, not to destroy them.

After returning to India in 1915, Gandhi refined and expanded the method of Satyagraha. The experiences and principles he developed in South Africa became the foundation of his movements in India.

Gandhi first applied the technique of Satyagraha in India in three local disputes:

(i) Champaran Satyagraha (1917, Bihar): Gandhi took up the cause of oppressed indigo cultivators who were forced to grow indigo under exploitative conditions by British planters. His efforts led to relief for the farmers and marked his first major success in India.

(ii) Kheda Satyagraha (1918, Gujarat): In Kheda district, despite crop failure, the British government demanded full land revenue. Gandhi advised peasants to withhold payment until their demand for remission was accepted. Eventually, the government agreed to relax the revenue collection.

(iii) Ahmedabad Mill Strike (1918, Gujarat): Gandhi mediated between mill workers and owners over wage disputes. He launched a hunger strike to support the workers’ demand for better wages. The strike ended with a fair compromise.

2. Why was the Khilafat movement started in India?

Ans: After the First World War, with the defeat of Turkey, the powers of the Khalifa were greatly cut down. When the Muslims realised that the Sultan of Turkey, who they considered to be their Khalifa (Caliph) or spiritual head, would no longer have any control over the holy places of Turkey, they were very upset. Hence with the objective to restore the Sultan of Turkey as the Caliph of Islam, the Muslims in India started the Khilafat Movement under the leadership of Maulana Shaukat Ali and Mohammed Ali. Gandhi also extended support to the movement, affecting Hindu-Muslim brotherhood.

3. Why did Mahatma Gandhi launch the Non cooperation movement of 1920-22? What were its programmes? What made Gandhi suspend the movement?

Ans: Several factors led Mahatma Gandhi to launch the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920:

(i) Effects of World War I: India’s support to Britain during the First World War had negatively affected her economy. Thousands of Indian soldiers died, yet the country received nothing in return.

(ii) The Rowlatt Act (1919): This Act gave the British government the power to imprison any person suspected of terrorism without trial for up to two years. It was widely seen as repressive.

(iii) The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919): The brutal massacre shocked the entire nation and fueled the desire to fight British rule.

(iv) Economic Exploitation: The growing awareness of India’s economic exploitation under British rule rallied public support behind the movement.

(v) The Khilafat Movement: Indian Muslims launched this movement to restore the Caliph of Turkey. Gandhi’s support to it helped unite Hindus and Muslims in a joint struggle.

Programmes of the Movement:

(i) Foreign clothes were burnt in public bonfires.

(ii) Shops selling foreign goods and liquor were picketed.

(iii) Thousands of students withdrew from government schools and colleges.

(iv) In Midnapore (West Bengal), peasants organized a successful no-tax campaign.

(v) National institutions like Kashi Vidyapeeth, Benares Vidyapeeth, and the National Muslim University at Aligarh were founded.

(vi) About 40 lakh volunteers were recruited by the Congress.

(vii) Around 20,000 charkhas were manufactured and distributed to promote khadi.

(viii) People began resolving disputes through local arbitration rather than British courts.

(ix) Over one crore rupees were collected in the Tilak Swaraj Fund to support the movement.

(x) Many Indians surrendered British-conferred titles and honors.

4. What was the main aim of the Civil Disobedience Movement? What were the main features of the movement?

Ans: The Civil Disobedience Movement, launched in 1930 under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, marked a significant step toward achieving Poorna Swaraj (Complete Independence). The movement aimed to defy unjust British laws through nonviolent means and mobilize the masses for national freedom.

Aims of the Movement:

On 31 January 1930, Mahatma Gandhi sent an ultimatum to Viceroy Lord Irwin, demanding the removal of various social and economic injustices imposed by British rule. 

His 11-point charter of demands included:

(i) Prohibition of intoxicants.

(ii) Adjustment of the rupee-sterling exchange ratio.

(iii) Reduction of land revenue rates.

(iv) Abolition of the salt tax.

(v) Reduction in military expenditure.

(vi) Reduction in civil administrative costs.

(vii) Imposition of custom duties on foreign cloth.

(viii) Acceptance of the Postal Reservation Bill.

(ix) Abolition of the Criminal Investigation Department (CID).

(x) Release of all political prisoners.

(xi) Right to bear arms for self-defense, under popular control.

When these demands were not met, Gandhi launched the Civil Disobedience Movement in March 1930.

Key Features of the Movement:

(i) The movement began with the violation of the British monopoly on salt production and sale, a symbol of colonial oppression.

(ii) On 12 March 1930, Gandhi, along with 78 followers, undertook a 24-day march from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, covering 240 miles.

(iii) On 6 April 1930, Gandhi made salt by evaporating seawater at Dandi, openly defying British laws and inspiring mass participation.

(iv) The movement quickly spread across India, with people engaging in mass violations of salt laws, boycotts of foreign goods, non-payment of taxes, and refusal to obey colonial laws.

(v) In the North-West Frontier Province, the movement was led by Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and his nonviolent army of Khudai Khidmatgars (Red Shirts).

(vi) The movement saw active involvement of women, who organized protests, picketed liquor and foreign cloth shops, and spread the message of freedom.

(vii) The British government responded with widespread arrests. Gandhi and thousands of his followers were imprisoned, intensifying public outrage and resistance.

5. Under what circumstances was the Quit India movement launched? Do you consider the movement to be a milestone in India’s struggle for independence? Give reasons in support of your answer.

Ans: In September 1939, when World War II broke out, Gandhi and Nehru opposed Hitler and the Nazis but demanded complete independence in exchange for Congress’s support for the British war effort. The British refused, leading to the resignation of Congress ministers in October 1939. Between 1940 and 1941, individual satyagrahas were organized to pressure the government.

In 1942, under pressure, Prime Minister Churchill sent Sir Stafford Cripps to negotiate with Indian leaders. The Cripps Mission proposed dominion status and a constituent assembly after the war but was rejected. With Japan threatening India and British defense weakening, Gandhi launched the Quit India Movement in 1942.

I do feel that the Quit India Movement of August 1942 is a milestone in the history of the freedom struggle in India. It is an epic event which brought freedom close to our doorstep. The movement made achieving total independence from British rule as the only aim of the Indian national movement. Although the revolt failed in its attempt to force the British out of India, nevertheless it spread awareness and brought people together. The mass agitation succeeded in awakening and emboldening the masses. People irrespective of caste, creed, religion, occupation, sex and region joined this movement. 

6. Write a brief note on the Indian National Army.

Ans: The idea of the Indian National Army (INA) was first conceived by Captain Mohan Singh, an Indian officer of the British army in Malaya who had to surrender to the Japanese in the Second World War. The slogan of the INA was ‘Jai Hind’. It fought with the Japanese army against the British and Commonwealth forces in the campaigns in Burma, Imphal and Kohima. Bose’s famous quote, ‘give me blood ans I shall give you freedom’ motivated his followers. However, the defeat of Japan and surrender in the war also led to the eventual surrender of INA.

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