SEBA Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 2 Environment and Environmental Problems

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SEBA Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 2 Environment and Environmental Problems

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Environment and Environmental Problems

GEOGRAPHY

1. Write in your own words the meaning of the environment.

Ans: Environment denotes the condition around an organism or a community of organisms. Such a condition includes all necessary elements for survival.

2. Mention some of the biotic and abiotic elements of the environment.

Ans: The environment consists of biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) elements that interact to create conditions necessary for life. Biotic elements include plants, animals, microorganisms, and humans, while abiotic elements include air, water, soil, sunlight, temperature, climate, and land. Together, these elements form an ecosystem where organisms depend on their surroundings for survival.

3. Write the meaning of lithosphere.

Ans: The land component of the earth composed of rocks, soils, minerals, etc forms the lithosphere. The lithosphere covers all the continents where we find the mountains, hills, plateaus, plains, valleys and coasts. The characteristics of the lithosphere and its change in course of time depends on the other three components (hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere) of the earth’s environmental system.

4. What are the features included in the hydrosphere?

Ans: The hydrosphere includes all the Earth’s water, such as seas, oceans, rivers, lakes, groundwater, glaciers, and wetlands. It covers about 71% of the Earth’s surface and is influenced by interactions with the lithosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere.

5. Write about the composition of the atmosphere.

Ans: From the earth’s surface upward extends a gaseous layer. Composed of Oxygen, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Carbon-di-Oxide, Argon, etc. this gaseous layer is called the atmosphere. The atmosphere extends broadly to a height of about 10000 km from the surface of the earth. The characteristics and change of the atmosphere depend on the other three components of the environmental system.

6. Give an outline of the extent of the biosphere.

Ans: The biosphere includes all parts of the Earth where life exists—such as the land surface, oceans, and lower atmosphere. About 1.75 million species have been identified within it, including humans as just one species. 

7. Discuss briefly the relation among the four major components of the environment.

Ans: The Earth’s environment is shaped by the interactions among its four major spheres: lithosphere (land), hydrosphere (water), atmosphere (air), and biosphere (life). These spheres are interdependent and create diverse environments across regions. Coastal areas, for example, are influenced by the land’s shape, ocean currents, climate, and local wildlife. Different regions, like deserts, river valleys, and coastal zones, have unique environments. These environments change over time, as seen in the transformation of areas like the Brahmaputra and Barak Valleys over the past century.

8. Mention the major causes of environmental change.

Ans: The major causes of environmental change can be categorized as follows:

(a) Population Growth and Resource Demand: Over the last three centuries, the world’s population and demand for resources have increased significantly. This has caused an imbalance among environmental elements (lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere), putting growing pressure on the earth’s environment.

(b) Deforestation: The clearing of forests for agricultural, industrial, and urban development has led to the loss of biodiversity and increased soil erosion. It has also contributed to the increase in Carbon-di-Oxide (CO₂) levels, exacerbating global warming.

(c) Fossil Fuel Consumption: The use of fossil fuels in industries, transportation, and energy production has increased the concentration of CO₂ in the atmosphere. This leads to global warming, a significant environmental issue.

(d) Pollution: Human activities, including industrialization, urbanization, and agriculture, have led to pollution in the air, water, and soil, contributing to environmental degradation.

(e) Soil Erosion: Activities like deforestation and improper land use have caused soil erosion, which further affects agriculture and the environment.

(f) Climate Change: Changes in the atmosphere due to greenhouse gases, such as CO₂, have led to alterations in weather patterns, rising global temperatures, and extreme weather events.

9. Explain the meaning of environmental problems.

Ans: Environmental problems are issues arising from disturbances or imbalances in the natural and man-made elements of the environment. These problems emerge when human activities, such as industrialization, deforestation, and excessive resource consumption, disrupt the natural balance between the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. As a result, issues like pollution, global warming, soil erosion, and water scarcity arise, impacting ecosystems and human life. These problems can be localized, regional, or global in scale and require appropriate measures to address the negative consequences of human-induced environmental changes.

10. Write geographical divisions of the environmental problems.

Ans: The environmental problems can be geographically divided into three different groups-(A) Local problem, (B) Regional problem and (C) Global problem. The local problems may remain confined to small areas, so far as their genesis and spread are concerned. The instances of such problems may be the land pollution created by a small-scale industry, water scarcity in winter due to shallow watering of a wetland, bank erosion problems created by a river in a locality and so on. On the other hand, some problems may be regional in occurrence. 

11. What is a local environmental problem? Give examples.

Ans: A local environmental problem refers to an issue that is confined to a specific area or locality. These problems typically have a limited scope in terms of their origin, spread, and impact. They primarily affect the local community or ecosystem.

Example of local environmental problems:

(a) Land pollution created by small-scale industries.

(b) Water scarcity in winter due to the shallowing of a wetland.

(c) Bank erosion caused by a river in a locality.

12. Give two examples of regional environmental problems.

Ans: Two examples of regional environmental problems.

(a) The flood problem of the Brahmaputra or the Barak Valley, problem of water pollution in a vast industrial region.

(b) Problem of underground water shortage in an urban area, problem of soil erosion in a river basin are some examples of such regional environmental problems.

13. Which problems are considered as global environmental problem?

Ans: Some environmental problems affect the entire planet and are therefore considered global in nature. These problems do not recognize geographical boundaries. A prominent example is global warming, which is directly connected to changes in the Earth’s atmosphere. Because the atmosphere envelops the entire Earth, the effects of global warming are felt worldwide—impacting the lithosphere (land), hydrosphere (water), biosphere (living organisms), and the atmosphere itself. Addressing such issues requires collective international cooperation and coordinated global efforts.

14. Mention the major environmental problems of the world.

Ans: The major environmental problems of the world are: 

(a) Pollution. 

(b) Desertification. 

(c) Global Warming. 

15. Give the meaning of the term pollution.

Ans: The process of contamination of the environment by harmful substances is simply called pollution. Many of the man-made substances, if added largely to the environment, may cause harm to the biotic world. Such substances are generally called pollutants.

16. What is water pollution? How does it occur?

Ans: Just like the atmosphere, water bodies also get polluted. Water pollution occurs when harmful substances like chemicals, microbes, and waste materials mix with water, changing its natural quality. This makes the water unfit for human use and harmful to aquatic life.

Water pollution mainly happens due to human activities. Industrial waste, sewage from towns, and chemicals from agriculture get drained into rivers and lakes. For example, the Ganga River in India and the Yangtze River in China have become highly polluted due to waste from nearby cities and industries.

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