SEBA Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 3 Geography of the World

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SEBA Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 3 Geography of the World

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Geography of the World

GEOGRAPHY

1. Write in brief about the earth’s lithosphere and hydrosphere.

Ans: The total surface area of the Earth is 510 million km², out of which 29% is covered by land called the Lithosphere, and 71% is covered by water known as the Hydrosphere.

The Lithosphere includes continents such as Asia, Europe, Africa, North America, South America, Oceania, and Antarctica. Asia is the largest continent, while Antarctica has no permanent human settlement.

The Hydrosphere comprises the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, and Southern Oceans. The Pacific Ocean is the largest among them.

2. How was the earth in the early days according to the Continental Drift Theory?

Ans: According to the Continental Drift Theory, around 300 million years ago (Permian Period), the earth’s lithosphere existed as a single supercontinent called Pangaea, surrounded by a vast ocean called Panthalassa. Later, a narrow sea named Tethys formed in the middle of Pangaea, dividing it into two parts: the northern Angaraland (Laurasia) and the southern Gondwanaland. Around 250 million years ago, during the Mesozoic era, these two landmasses further split and drifted towards the equator and west, forming today’s continents. Laurasia gave rise to North America, Greenland, and northern parts of Europe and Asia. Gondwanaland split into South America, Africa, Madagascar, India, Arabia, Southeast Asia, Australia, and Antarctica.

3. Write briefly about the topography of the ocean floor.

Ans: The ocean floor is not flat; it consists of various landforms similar to those on land. 

The main features of ocean floor topography include:

(a) Continental Shelf: The submerged edge of the continent, relatively shallow and gently sloping.

(b) Continental Slope: A steep slope that connects the continental shelf to the deep ocean floor.

(c) Abyssal Plain: A vast, flat, and deep area of the ocean floor, among the flattest regions on Earth.

(d) Mid-Oceanic Ridge: A continuous underwater mountain range formed by tectonic activity where new ocean crust is created.

(e) Oceanic Trenches: Deep, narrow depressions formed by one tectonic plate being pushed beneath another. The Mariana Trench is the deepest.

(f)  Seamounts and Guyots: Seamounts are underwater volcanic mountains, while guyots are flat-topped seamounts.

These features make the ocean floor a diverse and dynamic part of Earth’s surface.

4. Write briefly about the distribution of oceans and continents.

Ans: The Earth’s surface is unevenly divided into oceans and continents. About 71% of the Earth’s surface is covered by oceans, while continents occupy around 29%. The five major oceans — Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Northern (Arctic) — are interconnected, though their boundaries are roughly fixed for study purposes. The Pacific Ocean is the largest, and the Northern Ocean (Arctic Ocean) is the smallest. The Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans are spread across both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, whereas the Southern Ocean lies entirely in the Southern Hemisphere and the Northern Ocean in the Northern Hemisphere.

5. Write in short about the landforms present on the earth’s land surface.

Ans: The earth’s land surface is marked by a variety of landforms such as mountains, hills, plateaus, plains, and coastal plains, which make the lithosphere’s topography highly uneven. These landforms are distributed differently across continents. Most of the earth’s land area (about 67%) is found in the northern hemisphere, where continents like North America, Europe, and Asia are entirely located. Continental boundaries are often defined by natural physical features like seas, rivers, and mountain ranges (e.g., Mediterranean Sea, Ural Mountains, Panama Canal).

The climate varies across regions—hot and wet in the equatorial zone, temperate in mid-latitudes, and extremely cold in polar areas—which results in diverse vegetation and agricultural practices. Regions with favorable physical and economic conditions support a high population density, while extreme climates tend to have low population density.

6. Briefly discuss the physical characteristics of Asia.

Ans: Asia, the largest continent on Earth, spans a land area of 44.6 million km², covering about 30% of the Earth’s land area. Located primarily in the northern hemisphere, Asia stretches from 78°N to 1°N latitude and 25°E to 170°W longitude. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean (north), Indian Ocean (south), Pacific Ocean and Bering Strait (east), and various geographical features like the Red Sea, Suez Canal, and Ural Mountains in the west.

Key physical features of Asia include:

(a) Mountains: Himalayas (with Mount Everest – 8,848 m), Karakoram (Mount Godwin Austin – 8,611 m), Ural, Kunlun, Altain, Tienshan, Aravalli, etc.

(b) Plateaus: Tibetan, Pamir, Siberian, Mongolian, Deccan, Arabian, Iranian, etc.

(c) Rivers: Major rivers include the Ganges, Indus, Brahmaputra (south-central), Yangtze, Hwang Ho (east), Lena, Ob, Yenisei (north), and Mekong, Irawati (southeast).

(d) Lakes: Important lakes include Baikal, Balkhash, Chilka, Dal, Pulikat, Loktak, etc.

(e) Deserts: Gobi, Thar, and Arabian Deserts.

(f) Islands: Notable island groups include Japan, Philippines, Indonesia (Java, Sumatra, Borneo), Andaman & Nicobar, Sri Lanka, and Maldives.

Asia also houses 51 countries and is home to about 60% of the world’s population.

7. Give your answer with reasons:

(a) Why do 90 percent of the world’s total population concentrate in the northern hemi-sphere?

Ans: About 90% of the world’s total population lives in the Northern Hemisphere due to a combination of geographical, climatic, historical, and economic reasons, which are explained below:

(a) Large Landmass: The Northern Hemisphere contains the majority of the world’s land area. Continents like Asia, Europe, North America, and a significant part of Africa lie in this hemisphere. More land means more space for human settlement.

(b) Favorable Climate: Much of the Northern Hemisphere, especially in temperate zones, has a moderate and livable climate, which is more suitable for agriculture, trade, and habitation than the extreme cold of the Arctic or the heat of some equatorial regions.

(c) Fertile River Valleys: Early human civilizations emerged in fertile areas like the Indus, Nile, Yangtze, Tigris-Euphrates, and Ganges valleys, all of which are in the Northern Hemisphere. These areas supported dense populations historically and remain populous.

(d) Industrial and Economic Development: The Industrial Revolution began in the Northern Hemisphere (e.g., Europe), leading to rapid urbanization, job creation, and population growth. Even today, many of the world’s most developed and populous countries are in this hemisphere (e.g., China, India, USA).

(e) Historical Settlements and Civilization: The cradle of civilization—such as Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley—were all located in the Northern Hemisphere. These ancient population centers laid the foundation for long-term demographic growth.

(f) Better Infrastructure and Services: Countries in the Northern Hemisphere, in general, have better healthcare, education, transport, and communication facilities, which attract and sustain large populations.

So, the concentration of favorable geographic conditions and socio-economic development in the Northern Hemisphere is the main reason why most of the world’s population lives there.

(b) What is the reason behind lack of permanent human settlement in Antarctica?

Ans: The lack of permanent human settlement in Antarctica is primarily due to its extreme geographical and physical conditions. The continent is covered by thick ice, making it extremely cold, with temperatures often plunging below -50°C. The harsh climate, long winters, and limited sunlight during certain months make living conditions very challenging. Additionally, the lack of natural resources, the absence of a stable environment for agriculture, and the difficulty of building infrastructure further discourage permanent habitation.

Furthermore, international agreements, like the Antarctic Treaty, prohibit military activities and the establishment of permanent settlements to preserve the continent for scientific research and environmental protection.

8. Give short answer to the following questions:

(a) Which has created a natural boundary between Asia and Europe?

Ans: The Ural Mountains.

(b) Which is the longest mountain range of the world and where it is located?

Ans: The Andes, located in South America.

(c) In terms of land area which are the largest and smallest countries of the world?

Ans: Largest – Russia, Smallest – Vatican City.

(d) Which country of the world is spread to two continents?

Ans: Russia.

(e) In terms of population which are the largest and smallest countries of the world?

Ans: Largest – China, Smallest – Vatican City.

(f) What is the name of the major mountain range of North America? In which part of the continent is it located?

Ans: The Rocky Mountains, located in the western part of North America.

(g) Which is the world’s largest desert and where is it located?

Ans: The Sahara Desert, located in North Africa.

(h) Write the names of two northerly and two easterly rivers of Asia.

Ans: Northerly Rivers – Ob, Lena.

Easterly Rivers – Ganges, Yangtze.

(i) Write the names of one each of major mountain range, river and desert of Australia.

Ans: Mountain Range – Great Dividing Range.

River – Murray River.

Desert – Great Victoria Desert.

(j) Write the names of three countries of Europe located in the Mediterranean region.

Ans: Spain, Italy, Greece.

9. Write short notes:

(a) Pangaea.

Ans: There are multiple theories regarding the origin of the Earth, and one significant theory among them is the Continental Drift Theory. According to this theory, around 300 million years ago during the Permian period, the Earth had a single vast landmass called Pangaea, surrounded by a vast ocean known as Panthalassa. Later, Pangaea split into two large sections – the northern part called Laurasia and the southern part called Gondwanaland. Over millions of years, these massive landmasses drifted and gradually formed the present-day continents.

(b) Arctic Ocean.

Ans: The Arctic Ocean is the smallest among the five major oceans of the world, covering an area of approximately 14 million square kilometers. Located around the North Pole, it has a circular shape and is encircled by three continents – Asia, Europe, and North America. With an average depth of about 3,500 meters, this ocean remains frozen with thick ice for most of the year due to its polar location.

(c) The Continent of Oceania.

Ans: Oceania is a continent comprising Australia and numerous other islands such as New Zealand, Tasmania, and New Guinea. Entirely situated in the Southern Hemisphere, it stretches from the Equator (0° latitude) in the north to about 48° south latitude, and from 113° east to 180° longitude. It is bounded by the Pacific Ocean to the north and east, the Indian Ocean to the west, and the Southern Ocean to the south. The total area of Oceania is nearly 8 million square kilometers, accounting for about 5.4% of the Earth’s total surface area. The continent consists of 14 countries, including Australia and New Zealand, and has a population of around 38 million. Among them, Australia is the largest and most prominent country.

(d) The rivers of Asia.

Ans: Asia, being the largest continent, has many mighty rivers that originate from the high mountains, plateaus, and hills and flow into surrounding seas and oceans. In south-central Asia, major rivers like the Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra form fertile plains. The Yenisei, Ob, and Lena flow in the north, while in the east, rivers such as the Amur, Hwang Ho (Yellow River), Yangtze (Chang Jiang), and Sikiang (Pearl River) are prominent. The south and southeast regions are home to rivers like the Narmada, Tapti, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri, Barak, Irawati, and Mekong. These river systems enrich the land, support agriculture, and facilitate dense population and trade.

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SEBA Class 10 Social Science Solutions [New Edition Updated]

S.L No.	CONTENTS
	PART – I: HISTORY
Chapter 1	Partition Of Bengal And Swadeshi Movement
Chapter 2	Rise Of Gandhi And The Freedom Movement Of India
Chapter 3	Anti-British Rising And Peasant Revolts In Assam
Chapter 4	Indian British Rising and Peasant Revolts in Assam
Chapter 5	Cultural Heritage Of India And North East Region
	PART – II: GEOGRAPHY
Chapter 6	Ecological Geography: Subject Matter and Resource
Chapter 7	Environment And Environmental Problems
Chapter 8	Geography Of The World
Chapter 9	Geography Of Assam
	PART – III: POLITICAL SCIENCE
Chapter 10	Indian Democracy
Chapter 11	International Organization
	PART – III: ECONOMICS
Chapter 12	Money And Banking
Chapter 13	Economic Development

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