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SEBA Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 Physical Geography
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Physical Geography
| TEXTUAL QUESTION ANSWER |
1. What is landform?
Ans: The surface of the earth is not plain. As there are hills and mountains, plateaus, river valleys etc. on the continents, there are also some submerged highlands and lowlands of various shapes and sizes on the ocean bottom. In this way the surface of the earth is being characterised by varied types of features. These features present over the earth’s surface are called landforms.
2. Define Geomorphology.
Ans: A particular branch of geography studies about the origin, evolution, morphology and distribution of the landforms. This branch is known as geomorphology.
3. Write down the meaning of the geomorphic processes.
Ans: The origin of landforms depends on two types of processes: exogenic (wind, rainfall, rivers, glaciers, waves, currents) and endogenic (earthquakes, volcanoes). Landforms develop through the interaction of these, and together they are called geomorphic processes.
4. Mention the exogenic processes or factors.
Ans: Among the exogenic processes or factors the principal ones are wind, rainfall, rivers, glaciers, ocean waves and currents.
5. What do you mean by the term ‘deflation’?
Ans: The sand and small rock particles are easily carried away by wind in desert due to thin vegetative cover and sandy surface. In this way, some areas of the desert are relatively lowered by wind actions, and this process is called deflation.
6. What is inselberg? Explain with a diagram.
Ans: The inselberg is an isolated low hillock. The upper part of inselberg is steep due to higher intensity of wind action in this part than on its lower part.
Explanation of the Diagram:
The diagram shows two isolated hills rising steeply from a flat plain.
These hills are called Inselbergs (from German words insel = island, berg = mountain → meaning island mountain).
They are formed in deserts due to the erosional activity of wind (abrasion).
7. What is oasis? What is its significance?
Ans: As a result of transportation of materials to other parts, some areas may be lowered down almost to the level of underground water giving rise to some depressions, which are then termed as oasis. Some vegetation grows in oasis and little agriculture is done here.
Significance of Oasis:
(i) Source of Fresh Water: Provides water in otherwise dry desert regions.
(ii) Supports Vegetation: Plants and trees (like date palms) grow around oasis.
(iii) Agriculture: Small-scale farming is possible; crops like dates, barley, and wheat are cultivated.
(iv) Settlement & Shelter: Acts as a centre of life in deserts; villages and towns often develop near oases.
(v) Trade & Travel: Serves as a resting place for desert travellers and trade caravans.
8. What are sand dunes? How are they formed?
Ans: The wind-blown sands get deposited and some areas are thus aggraded. The deposits of sand may take the form of hills in due course of time. Such hill-like sand deposits are known as sand dunes.
The shape and size of the sand dunes vary in time and over space. Some sand dunes are formed longitudinally along the direction of wind (longitudinal sand dunes). Some others are formed being transverse to the wind direction (transverse sand dunes). In certain desert areas, some sand dunes become crescent-shaped; these are called barkhans.
In fact, the shape and size of sand dunes depend on different factors like properties of wind, wind direction and energy, vegetative cover, surface structure etc. Sand dunes are a characteristic feature of desert landscape.
9. What is abrasion? What are the features formed due to abrasion?
Ans: Some erosional features are also found in deserts. The wind blown sands at high velocity hit the elevated lands on their way and thereby erode them. Such erosion caused as a result of friction is called abrasion.
The abrasion process is responsible for the creation of inselberg, yardang and other kinds of erosional features.
10: Define attrition.
Ans: Attrition is another process of wind erosion in the desert. The wind-blown sand materials collide each other while in transit and thus the particles themselves get broken gradually into smaller pieces. This process by which the sand and rock particles are broken into smaller pieces through their mutual collision is known as attrition.
11. What are glaciers? What is the reason for their slow movement?
Ans: The snow blocks usually move downward following the slope of the surface. Their downward movement is however very slow. These move only for a distance of a few millimeters to a few meters in a day. The slow moving snow and ice blocks when coming down the slope are called glaciers.
The glaciers flow down due to downward pressure of the snow deposits of the upslope zone on the one hand, and the force of gravity on the other hand. Presently about 1 percent of the earth’s land area is under the impact of glacial actions
12. What are the different types of glaciers? Write briefly about each of them.
Ans: Like rivers, glaciers also create different types of features and modify the earth’s surface through the processes of erosion, transportation and deposition. As a result, the regions under glacial action have their peculiar characteristics. It is important to note that the glaciers can be divided mainly into three types based on the situation and environment of the snow-covered regions.
These are –
(a) Continental glacier.
(b) Mountain or Alpine or Valley glacier. and
(c) Piedmont glacier.
These glaciers have differences in terms of their location, velocity and actions. They create different types of glacial landforms based on their varying actions of the geomorphic processes.
(a) Continental glaciers: These glaciers cover extensive areas of the polar regions. Northern Canada, Greenland, Scandinavia, Antarctic etc. are extensively covered by the continental glaciers. These glaciers move downslope very slowly according to the surface gradient.
(b) Mountain glaciers: These glaciers originate in the high altitude regions of the mountains. They are found mostly in the Alps of Europe, the Rockies of North America and the Himalayas of Asia) Generally they flow through the valleys confined between two mountain ranges. They are comparatively little faster than the continental glaciers.
(c) Piedmont glaciers: Sometimes a number of mountain or valley glaciers move downward and meet at the foot of the mountains. Thereafter they flow further down and cover extensive areas of the nearby plains. As these glaciers originate in the piedmont zone of the mountains, they are called piedmont glaciers.
13. Draw a figure to show the shape of a glacier valley.
Ans: A glacier valley is a U-shaped valley formed by the erosion of moving glaciers.
It has steep sides and a flat floor, unlike the V-shaped river valley.
A figure showing the shape of a glacier valley is given below:
14. What is a hanging valley?
Ans: Hanging valley is an another erosional feature created by glaciers. Like the tributaries which flow to the main river, the tributary glaciers also flow and meet the main glaciers.
The tributary glaciers while meeting the main glaciers appear to be hanging over the main glaciers. So the valley of the tributary glacier is called hanging valley.
15. What are moraines? What are their different types? Show the location of different moraines with the help of a figure.
Ans: Glaciers also perform deposition activities like rivers.Glaciers carry different types of materials in addition to ice blocks while flowing through their valleys. All such materials or sediments are collectively known as moraines.
Generally, the moraines are carried down through the steep-sided valleys.
The important types of moraines are:
(i) Lateral Moraines: The moraines flowing along the side of the valley are called lateral moraines. These are deposited on the two sides of the glacier valley.
(ii) Ground Moraines: Some moraines move along the bottom bed of the glacier valley and these are known as ground moraines.
(iii) Medial Moraines: When glaciers meet together, their lateral moraines unite and move along the middle course of the big glacier. These are called medial moraines.
(iv) Terminal (or End) Moraines: At the point where the glaciers coming from the high mountainous zone start melting, the coarse and heavy sediments (moraines) get deposited. These are termed as terminal or end moraines.
The moraines deposited on the bed of the glaciers bring about significant changes in the morphology of the glacier valley.
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SEBA Class 10 Geography Textual [New Edition Updated]
| SL. No. | CONTENTS |
| Chapter – 1 | Physical Geography |
| Chapter – 2 | Environmental Geography |
| Chapter – 3 | Regional Geography |
| Chapter – 4 | Regional Geography of USA |
| Chapter – 5 | Regional Geography of Japan |
| Chapter – 6 | Regional Geography of India |
| Chapter – 7 | Practical Geography |
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