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Class 12 Sociology Chapter 8 Social Change And The Economy
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Social Change And The Economy
| A. VERY SHORT TYPE QUESTION & ANSWER |
1. What is the main occupation of rural people?
Ans: Apart from agriculture, a large number of artisans such as potters, carpenters, weavers, ironsmither are found in rural areas.
2. What is agrarian structure?
Ans: The term agrarian structure is often used to refer to the structure or distribution of land holding.
3. What is required to increase form production?
Ans: To increase form production utilisation of modern scientific knowledge as well as tools and technique is almost necessary.
4. Give two reasons of bringing land reform.
Ans: Land reform is necessary to redistribute land so that the landless poor can get land. Secondly, land reform is also necessary to increase agricultural production as well as to ensure social justice. Moreover, land reform is necessary to remove the layer of intermediaries between cultivator and the state.
5. Why North Indian states got more advantage from Green revolution?
Ans: Green revolution programmes were introduced only in areas that have assured irrigation, because sufficient water was necessary for the new seeds and methods of cultivation. As the North Indian states already had good irrigation systems, the benefitted largely from the first wave of green revolution.
6. What is economic development?
Ans: Economic development means rise of national income, per capita income, gross domestic product etc.
7. What is a green revolution.
Ans: Green revolution was a government programme of agricultural modernizations. It was largely funded by international agencies that was based on hybrid seeds along with pesticides, fertilisers etc. Green revolution programmes were introduced only in areas that had assured irrigation. It targeted mainly at the wheat and rice growing areas.
8. What is an elite group?
Ans: Elite is a descriptive term which refer to those who had high positions in a society.
9. What is a contract farming?
Ans: In the ‘contract farming’ system, the farmers enter into contracts with multinational companies to grow certain crops. In this system the company identifies the crop to be grown provides the seeds and other inputs such as technical know-how and working capital. In return the farmer is assured of a predetermined fixed price.
10. Mention any two policies on law for land reform introduced after independence.
Ans: (i) Abolition of Zamindari System.
(ii) Tenancy Abolition and Regulation Act.
(iii) Land Ceiling Acts.
11. What is meant by informal sector?
Ans: Informal sectors are not registered with the government.
12. What is meant by small scale industry?
Ans: Government has defined small scale industry according to the investment of capital made in it. These days, that industry is known as small scale industries in which capital of upto Rs. 1 crore is invested. This limit was Rs. 5 Lakh in 1950.
13. What is a labour union?
Ans: When all the labourers of any industry, factory come together and form a union or organisation to protect their interests then this union is known as labour union. All the labourers working in the industry are its members.
14. What is meant by outsourcing service?
Ans: At present time, all over the globe, multinational companies are arranging for work to be done outside the company mainly in smaller companies of the third world countries where labour is cheap. This trend is known as outsourcing.
15. What is privatisation not preferred by workers in state owned units?
Ans: The employees oppose disinvestment process mainly due to the fear that disinvestment with lead to job cut and they may also lose their jobs. The Modern foods was the first company to be privatised where 60% of workers were forced to retire in the first five years.
16. List any two characteristics of the organised sector?
Ans. Two characteristics of the organised sector are:
(i) Organised sector employ ten or more people throughout the year. and
(ii) The units are registered with government to ensure that the employees get proper salaries, pension and other benefits.
17. Distinguish between ‘lockout’ and ‘strike’.
Ans: In lock out the management prevents- worker from coming to the factory, while in strike the workers don’t go to the factory as a protest against harash working conditions.
18. What is alienation in context of industrialization?
Ans: Industrialization, involved detailed division of labour, where workers don’t see the end result of their work and keep producing only a small part of a product. Thus, the nature of work becomes repetitive and exhausting, yet in order to survive, workers keep themselves engaged in such type of works which is not at all enjoyable for them. Marx described this situation as alienation.
19. What is under employment?
Ans: Agricultural labourers more often than not paid below the statutory minimum wage and earn very little. Their incomes are low. Their employment is insecure. Most agricultural labourers are daily wage workers. And don not have work for many days of the year. This is known as underemployment.
20. What do you understand by bonded labour?
Ans: Lack of resources and dependence on the landed class for economic, social and political support, meant that many of the working poor were tied to landowners in ‘hereditary’ labour relationships (bonded labour), such as the halpati system in Gujrat and the jeeta system in Karnataka.
| S.L No. | CONTENTS |
| Chapter – 1 | Structure Of Indian Society |
| Chapter – 2 | Social Institutions: Continuity & Change |
| Chapter – 3 | Social Inequality & Exclusion |
| Chapter – 4 | The Challenges Of Unity In Diversity |
| Chapter – 5 | Project Work |
| Chapter – 6 | Process Of Social Change In India |
| Chapter – 7 | Social Change And The Polity |
| Chapter – 8 | Social Change And The Economy |
| Chapter – 9 | New Areas Of Social Change |
| Chapter – 10 | Social Movements |
| B. SHORT TYPE QUESTION & ANSWER |
1. How did rick farmers get more advantage from green revolution?
Ans: It was primarily the medium and large farmers, who were able to benefit from the first wave of green revolution. This was because inputs like tillers tractors, thrshers harvesters etc. were expensive and small and marginal farmers couldn’t afford to purchase these inputs.
2. How does economic development of a country depend upon agriculture?
Ans: Economic development of any country, particularly those countries, which are industrially backward, largely depends upon agriculture. Economic development means growth of per capita income, growth in gross domestic product etc. Agriculture plays a vital role in economic development of a country.
3. What is meant by ceiling of land?
Ans: Ceiling of land means imposition of upper limit on the amount of land that can be owned by a particular family. According to the ceiling acts, the state is supposed to identify and take possession of surplus land (above the ceiling limits) held by each household and redistribute it to landless families of SC and ST categories.
4. How small scale industries are encouraged by government?
Ans: The government tried to encourage small scale sector through special incentives and assistance. Many items like paper and wood products, glass and ceramics were reserved for small scale sector. The government also provided huge subsidies to the entrepreneurs.
5. Explain the condition of industrialization during early years of Indian independence.
Ans: After in dependence the govt. of India followed mixed economics policy where some sectors like transport communication, power mining etc., which are necessary for private industry to flourish were reserved for government and others were open to private sector.
Moreover, before independence, industries were located mainly in the part cities like Madras, Bombay, Calcutta etc. But after independence, through licensing policy, the govt. tried to ensure that industries spread over different regions of the country.
The govt. also tried to encourage small scale sector through special incentives and assistance. Many items like paper and wood products, glass and ceramics were reserved for small scale sector.
6. What are the changes that came in Indian industries due to globalisation and liberalisation?
Ans: After globalisation private companies, especially foreign firms were encouraged to in next in sectors that were earlier reserved for government. Government withdraw its licensing policy and now no license is required for opening industry. As a result of liberalisation many Indian companies have been bought over by multinationals. As for example Indian company Parle drinks was brought by Coco-Cola. Some Indian companies also become multinational companies.
7. What is the negative impact of industrialization laboures?
Ans: Industrialization, involved detailed division of labour, where workers don’t see the end result of their work and keep producing only a small part of a product. Thus, the nature of work becomes repetitive and exhausting, yet in order to survive, workers keep themselves engaged in such type of works which is not at all enjoyable for them. Marx described this situation as alienation.
8. What are the dangers and risks faced by mine workers?
Ans: Workers in under ground mines face very dangerous conditions due flooding the collapse of roofs and sides, emission of gases and ventilation failures etc. On the other hand workers of over ground mines have to work in both hot sun and rain and face injuries due to mine blasting.
9. From which word the term “Raiyatwari” is originated and what is Raiyatwari system?
Ans: The term “Raiyatwari” is originated from the Teluge word ‘raiyat’ Raiyat means cultivator.
In this system, the ‘actual cultivators (who were themselves often landlords and not cultivators) rather than the zamindars were responsible for paying the tax. They were under direct British rule.
10. Write a short note about Land Ceiling Act.
Ans: One of the major category of land reform laws were the Land Ceiling Acts. These laws imposed an upper limit on the amount of land that can be owned by a particular family. The ceiling vaires from region to region depending on the kind land, its productivity and other such factors. Very productive land has low ceiling while unproductive dry land has a higher ceiling limit. According to these acts, the state is supposed a identify and take possession of surplus land (above the ceiling limit) held by each household, and redistributed to landless families and households in other specified categories such as SCs and STs.
| C. LONG TYPE QUESTION & ANSWER |
1. Which were the land reforms that were introduced after independence?
Ans: After independence, a series of land reform acts were passed at the national as well as rate level to bring changes in the agrarian structure. The first important legislation was the abolition of the zamindari system, which removed the layer of intermediaries who stood between the cultivators and the state. Of all the land reform laws, this was probably the most effective measure, which removed the top layers of landlords in the multilayered agrarian structure.
The tenancy abolition and regulation act attempted either to put low tenancy altogether or to regulate rents to give some security to the tenants.
The land ceiling acts were also very important instrument to bring land reforms. These laws imposed an upper limit on the amount of land that can be owned by a particular family. According to these acts, the state is supposed to identify and take possession of surplus land (above the ceiling limit) held by each household and redistribute it to landless families of S.C and S.T categories.
2. Explain the social consequences of green revolution?
Ans: The social consequences of green revolution are as follow: In the first place green revolution increased inequalities in rural areas. Well-to-do farmers who had access to land capital technological know-how and who could invest in the new seeds and fertilisers, could increase their production and earn more money while the poor stagnated or grew poorer.
Secondly, the introduction of machinery such as tillers, tractors, harvesters etc., led to the displacement of service caste groups, who used to carry out these agricultural related activities. This process of displacement increased the pace of rural urban migration.
Thirdly, in many places green revolution led to the displacement of tenants- cultivators. As the green revolution made cultivation more profitable the landowners took back the land from their tenants to cultivate directly. Thus, it led to the displacement of tenants-cultivators.
Fourthly, the green revolution has increased rather than decreased, livelihood in security of the farmers mainly due to two reasons. Firstly, the farmers who once grew food for consumption now depends on market for their incomes. Hence, a bad crop or fall in prices can spell financial ruin for farmers. Secondly, in most of the green revolution areas farmers have switched from a multi-crop system to a mono crop regime which means that there is nothing to fall back on in case of crop failure. Mainly due to these reasons. livelihood insecurity of farmers increased in the areas of green revolution.
Fifthly, another negative outcome of green revolution, was that it increased the gap of regional inequalities. The areas where green revolution took place, become more developed while other areas stagnated.
These are some of the social impacts of the green revolution.
3. What was the impact of globalisation and liberalisation on rural society?
Ans: Globalisation, for some one may mean new opportunities, while for others it may mean loss of livelihood. As for example, Women silk Spinners of Bihar lost their jobs as Chinese and Korean silk yarn entered the market consumers prefer Chinese yarn as it is cheaper and has a shine. Similarly, with the entry of large fishing vessels into Indian waters, the livelihood of women fish sorters, dryers, vendors and net makers get affected as there big vessels take away the fish that used to be earlier collected by Indian fishing vessels.
On the other hand, after globalisation the IT sector, Infotainment Industry etc. got boost and employment avenues of English educated India middle class increased tremendously.
Globalisation infect carry a threat to many indigenous craft, literary tradition as well as knowledge system. As for example, about 30 theatre groups, which were active around the textile mills of area of Parel in Mumbai have become defunct as most of the mill workers are out of jobs in there. Similarly, some traditional manners of Andhra Pradesh home committed suicides while some others discarded this traditional profession mainly because their products are not able to compete with the machine made products. Thus, indigenous craft is facing hard challenges from big firms. Similarly, various farms of traditional knowledge system especially in the fields of medicine and agriculture is in danger. Contract farming and use of hybrid seeds and fertilisers produced by a MNCs have contributed largely in wiping out local variants and indigenous knowledge of production.
4. Which were the changes that came in rural society after independence of India? Explain?
Ans: After independence, Prime Minister Nehru and his policy advisors embarked on a programme of planned development that focused on agarian reform as well as industrialization. As a result a series of land reform acts were passed from 1950s to the 1970s at the national as well as state level to bring changes in the agarian structure.
After independence, a series of land reform acts were passed at the national as well as rate level to bring changes in the agrarian structure.
The first important legislation was the abolition of the zamindari system, which removed the layer of intermediaries who stood between the cultivators and the state. Of all the land reform laws, this was probably the most effective measure, which removed the top layers of landlords in the multilayered agrarian structure.
The tenancy abolition and regulation act attempted either to put low tenancy altogether or to regulate rents to give some security to the tenants.
The land ceiling acts were also very important instrument to bring land reforms. These laws imposed an upper limit on the amount of land that can be owned by a particular family. According to these acts, the state is supposed to identify and take possession of surplus land (above the ceiling limit) held by each household and redistribute it to landless families of S.C and S.T categories.
5. Why is land reform necessary? Explain their impact on Indian agriculture after independence.
Ans: Agricultural land is the most important resource in rural society. But it is not equally distributed among people living in a particular village or region. In fact, the distribution of land holdings in most regions is highly unequal among households. In most regions of India, women are usually excluded from ownership of land, because of prevailing patrilineal kinship system. In most regions of India, the major land owing groups belong to the upper castes. In many regions of India, the former ‘untouchable’ castes were not allowed to own land. Under this circumstances, land reform becomes necessary to provide ownership of land to the marginal backward castes and clanes.
Impact of land reform on Indian agriculture:
As a result of the abolition of the Zamindari system, in most areas the superior rights of the Zamindars over land as well as their economic and political power weakened. This law ultimately strengthened the position of the actual land holders and cultivators at the local level.
Under the land ceiling act, the state was entrusted with the power to take possession of surplus land held by each household, and to redistribute it to landless families belonging to SCs and STs.
As a result of there initiatives, agarian structure changed substantially, though still it remains highly unequal.
6. Migration and lack of job security create poor working and living conditions for migrant labourers. Explain with reference to the circulation of labour in India.
Ans: As the demand for seasonal agricultural labour increased in prosperous green revolution regions, a pattern of seasonal migration emerged in rural India. Labourers migrate also due to the increasing inequalities in rural areas from the mid-1990s, which have forced many households to combine multiple occupations to sustain themselves. As a livelihood strategy, men migrate out periodically in search of work and better wages. Migrant workers come mainly from drought-prone and less productive regions, and they go to work for part of the year on farms, on brick kilns or in construction sites in cities. These migrant workers have been termed ‘footloose labour’ by Jon Breman, but this doesn’t imply freedom. Breman’s study shows that landless labour don’t have many rights. For instance, they are usually not paid the minimum wage. The wealthy farmers often prefer to employ migrant workers rather than the local working class, because migrants are more easily exploited and can be paid lower wages. Thus migrant workers don’t have job security and they are lowly paid. As a result they are compelled to live in a very pitiable condition in temporary residing sites. The fish processing plants along the coastline employ mostly migrant single young women. 10-12 of them are housed in small rooms and sometimes one shift has to make a way for another.
7. There is a close connection between agriculture and culture. Explain.
Ans: Yes, agriculture and culture is very closely connected. Agriculture is the single most important source of livelihood for the majority of rural population still today. In various parts of India, various festivals are celebrated in connection with the harvesting season. As for example in Assam, people celebrate three Bihus namely, Kati, Magh and Bohag bihu mainly in connection with the harvesting season. So, there exist a close connection between agriculture and culture.
8. Throw light on the role of labour union in India and discuss about the longest strike of Indian industry?
Ans: In India, trade unions are plagued by problems like regionalism and casteism.
Datta Iswalkar, a trade union leader once described that the workers sit and chew paan with a lower from lower caste by they don’t drink water from him. The labour unions in India in the early years after independence till the mid eightees frequently resorted to strike as an attempt to fulfill their demand of fair wage and working condition. Moreover, in India labour unions have political background.
9. How machinery creates a problem for workers? What alternative did Gandhi have in mind?
Ans: As the process of industrialisation picked up momentum in India, large companies increasingly replaced their old human operated machines with fully automated machines. Machinary also helps to increase production. But it also creates the danger that eventually machines will replace workers. Both Marx and Gandhi saw machinisation as a danger to employment. For Gandhi the craze for labour saving machinery will make thousands workless and homeless. It also helps in concentrating wealth in the hands of the few.
On the otherhand, for Marx machinisation.
Industrialization, involved detailed division of labour, where workers don’t see the end result of their work and keep producing only a small part of a product. Thus, the nature of work becomes repetitive and exhausting, yet in order to survive, workers keep themselves engaged in such type of works which is not at all enjoyable for them. Marx described this situation as alienation.
Gandhi always insisted on small scale industry. He preferred home based industry. For him use of tools like spinning wheel will solve the problem of unemployment as well as exploitation of the poor by the rich.
10. Describe the 1982 textile strike from the different perspectives of those involved.
Ans: The Bombay textile strike of 1982, under the leadership of trade union leader Dr. Dutta Samant was one famous strike which affected nearly a quarter of a million workers and their families. This strike lasted nearly two years. The govt. refused to listen to the workers demands. Slowly after two-years workers started going back to work because they were desperate. Nearly one lakh workers lost their jobs, and went back to their villages. Some people moved to smaller towns like Bhiwandi Malegaon etc. to work in the power loan sector.
The main demand of the strike was better wage for the workers and their right to form their own union. However, According to the Bombay Industrial Relation Act (BIRA), a union had to be approved only if game up the idea of strikes.
The strike was failed mainly due to initiative of the Congress led Rashtriya Mill Mazdoor Sangha (RMMS), which was the only approved union. The RMMS brought other workers to the mills and thus helped to break the strike.
11. What are the major form of job recruitment in India?
Ans: In India a small percentage of people get jobs through advertisements or through the employment exchange. People who are self employed like plumbers, electricians and carpenters at one end and teachers who give private tuitions, architects and free-lance photographers at the other end, all rely on personal contacts.
Job recruitment as a factory workers takes a different pattern. In the past many workers got their jobs through jobbers or contractors. In the Kanpur textile mills, these contractors were known as ‘mistries’ who themselves were workers. Now-a-days the importance of jobbers have come down and both management and unions play a role in recruiting their own people.
However, the contractor system is still visible in the hiring of casual labour for work on construction sites, brickyards and so on. The contractor goes to villages and asks if people want work. The contractor by providing loan to the workers bring them to the worksites. The workers work without wages until the loan is repaid.
These are some forms of job recruitment in India.
12. List the consequences of industrialisation.
Ans: Urbanisation, loss of face to face relationships in workplace, enormous division of labour etc. are some of the social features of industrialization.
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