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Class 12 Sociology Chapter 10 Social Movements
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Social Movements
| A. VERY SHORT TYPE QUESTION & ANSWER |
1. What is a socio-reform movement?
Ans: A social reform movement is a sustained collective effort that focussed on some aspect of social change and reform.
2. Why were tribal movements started in India?
Ans: In India tribal movement started on various issues. One main issue was acquisition land, which were habitat of the tribal people for large size dam or irrigation projects. Cultural issue like safeguarding their own identity and economic issue like inequality were also prominent cause for growth of tribal movements in India.
3. What is the difference between social welfare and social reform?
Ans : Social welfare means doing works for the welfare of society. On the other hand social reform means reforming society.
4. What is a political movement?
Ans: In political movement, political parties play central role. Generally political movement centres around political issues.
5. What is a cultural movement?
Ans: A cultural movement arose centering around cultural issues like protecting identity of a particular group of people.
6. Who are dalits?
Ans: Broadly speaking, ‘the untouchables’ of the Hindu Caste system are officially known as the Scheduled Castes. The same category of castes is also called Harijan, the children of God a term coined by M.K. Gandhi in 1933. However, the word Harijan has now acquired a synonymous meaning. The members of these castes prefer to be called dalit, the oppressed.
7. What is meant by resource mobilisation?
Ans: McCarthy and Zald proposed the resource mobilisation theory and argue that the success of a social movement depends on its ability to mobilise resources of different sorts. If a movement can muster resources such as leadership organizational capacity communication facility and can use them, it is more likely to be effective.
8. What is meant by reformist social movement?
Ans: Reformist social movements strine to change the existing social and political arrangements through gradual, meremental steps.
9. What is meant by redemptive social movement?
Ans: Redemptive social movements aims to bring about a change in the personal consciousness and actions of its individual members.
10. What is meant by revolutionary social movements?
Ans: Revolutionary social movements attempt to radically transform social relations, often by capturing state power. The Bolshevik revolution of Russia the Naxalite movements of India are examples of revolutionary social movements.
However, one must remember that most social movements have a mix of redemptive reformist and revolutionary elements.
11. Why were ecological movements started?
Ans: Ecological movements started mainly due to devastating use of natural resources by government or big companies which created havoc for the local people. As for example big dams displaced people from their homes and sources of livelihood.
12. Why were peasant movements started before independence?
Ans: Peasant movements during colonial period were localised, disjointed and confined to particular grievances. As for example Bengal revolt of 1859-62 arose against the indigo plantation, Deccan riots against money landers etc.
13. Why were workers movement started during colonial India?
Ans: In the early years of colonialism, labour was very cheap and colonial government did not regulate either wages or working conditions. At that time food shortage and sharp increase in prices increased misery of the poor. As a result workers movement started.
14. Why were dalit movements started?
Ans: Dalit movements started in the country as a quest for equality, self-dignity and eradication of untouchability. It was a struggle for recognition as fellow human beings.
15. Name of two examples of caste bared movement?
Ans: Dharma movement in Punjab and Mahar movement in Maharashtra.
16. Mention any two features of social movements.
Ans: The two features of social movements are:
(i) Social movement often arise with the aim of bringing about changes on a public issue.
(ii) Social movements chart out campaigns that include lobbying with the government, media and other important makers of public opinion.
17. Give two examples of peasant movement in India.
Ans: ‘Deccan riots’ of 1857 and Champaran Satyagraha.
18. What is a trade union?
Ans: A trade union os organisation of working people linked by common interests in their working lines in production, in the sphere of service etc.
19. In which year the first trade union was established?
Ans: The first trade union was established in 1918 in Madras by B.P.Wadia.
20. Who was the leader of the social movement for Jharkhand?
Ans: Birsha Munda.
21. What is dikus?
Ans: The word ‘dikus’ means outsiders Dikus were the people who made the tribal people dependent upon them, thereby causing them a lot of misery and suffering. These outsiders were composed of traders and money lenders.
| S.L No. | CONTENTS |
| Chapter – 1 | Structure Of Indian Society |
| Chapter – 2 | Social Institutions: Continuity & Change |
| Chapter – 3 | Social Inequality & Exclusion |
| Chapter – 4 | The Challenges Of Unity In Diversity |
| Chapter – 5 | Project Work |
| Chapter – 6 | Process Of Social Change In India |
| Chapter – 7 | Social Change And The Polity |
| Chapter – 8 | Social Change And The Economy |
| Chapter – 9 | New Areas Of Social Change |
| Chapter – 10 | Social Movements |
| B. SHORT TYPE QUESTION & ANSWER |
1. What changes can be brought with the help of socio reform movements?
Ans: With the help of socio-reform movements various changes can be brought on public issues. Socio-political-economic and environmental issues can be addressed through socio-reform movements.
2. Write any four characteristics of social movements.
Ans: The four characteristics of social movements are:
(i) A social movement requires sustained collective action over time. Incidents which flares up and dies down can’t be called a social movement.
(ii) Social movements need organisation. Organisation include leadership and a structure that defines how members relate to each other, make decisions and carryout them.
(iii) Social movements arise with the aim of bringing about changes on public issue.
(iv) Social movements chart out campaigns that include lobbying with the government, media etc.
3. Why do socio-reform movements were started in India?
Ans: In the 19th century India, the social reform movements were emerged to the challenges that colonial India society faced. At that time Indian society was plagned by social evils like sati, child marriage, widow remarriage, caste discrimination etc. To remove these social evils, social reform movements were started.
4. What are the features of revolutionary movements?
Ans: The features of revolutionary movements are:
(i) Revolutionary social movement attempt to radically transform social relations.
(ii) Revolutionary social movements often tries to capture state power.
(iii) In revolutionary social movements generally violent means are used to bring social reforms.
5. What are the features of reformist movements?
Ans: The features of reformist movements are:
(i) Reformist social movements strive to change the existing social and political arrangements through gradually, incremental steps.
(ii) Reformist social movements arose as a reaction against social evils as well as injustice that prevails in existing society.
(iii) Reformist social movements are peaceful.
6. Distinguish between old and social movements.
Ans: Firstly, the historical contexts between Old and New social Movements are quite different. The old social movements were either class based such as working class or parents movements or anti colonial movements. Thus old social movements clearly saw reorganization of power relations as a central goal. On the other hand, new social movements are neither class based nor about reorganization of state power.
Secondly, the old social movements functioned within the framework of political parties. As for example, the Indian National congress led the Indian National Movement. But new social movements are non-partisan character. New social movements like woman’s group, environmental movements and tribal activists are non-political and non-partisan in characters.
Moreover, old social movements were national in characters while a large number of new social movements are global in scope. As present problems like environmental and health problem, fears of nuclear warfare are global in nature, social movements have also acquired global character.
7. Write a few lines on Chipko movement.
Ans: The chipko movement is a good example of ecological movement in the Himalayan foothills. In this movement villagers allied together to some the oak and rhododendron forests near their villages. When the govt. forest contractors came to cut down the trees, villagers including large numbers of women huged the trees to prevent their being felled. Actually the means of the Hindi word-Chipko is long. Thus, the villagers saved the forest on which the villagers dependent for fire woods, fodder and other daily necessities. Thus, the question of cutting trees was actually a question of villagers substance. Hence, chipko movement placed the livelihood needs of poor villagers against the governments desire to generate revenues from selling timbers. This movement also raised the issue of ecological sustainability. Cutting down natural forest was a form of environmental destruction which resulted in devastating flood and landslide in the region. Moreover, this chipko movement also expressed the resentment of hills villagers against a distant government headquarter in the plains which is quite indifferent to their concerns.
Thus, the chipko movement underlined the economical, ecological as well as political concerns.
8. What is the difference between social change and social movements? Give eg.
Ans: It is important to distinguish between social change in general and social movements. Social change is continuous and ongoing. The broad historical processes of social change are the sum total of countless individual and collective actions gathered across time and space. Social movements are directed towards some specific goals. It involves long and continuous social effort and action by people. We can view sanskritization and westernization as social change and see the 19th century social reformer’s efforts to change the society as social movements.
9. Why the study of Social movements is important for sociology?
Ans: The study of social movements is important for sociology. Because one of the factor of social change is social movement. The French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution of England etc. social movements have great contributions in the social change. The French Revolution was the violent culmination of several movements aimed at overthrowing the monarchy and establishing liberty, equality and fraternity. In Britain the industrial revolution was marked by great social up heaval. Though the industrial revolution brought various developments in European society but due to the revolution various other problems arises among the labourers or workers who engaged in industry and factory. It is the one of the duty of the sociologists to understand these social problems and find the solution of these problems. It is important to note that the subject of sociology itself established to solve these problems. So, there is a close connection between role of sociologist and social change and social development.
10. Explain the different types of social movements with eg.
Ans: A social movement has a general orientation way of approaching to bring about changes on a public issue. There are different kinds of social movements.
They can be classified as:
(i) Redemptive or transformatory social movement.
(ii) Reformist social movement. and
(iii) Revolutionary social movement.
(i) Redemptive or transformatory social movement: This social movement aims to bring about a change in the personal consciousness and actions of its individual member. For instance, people in the Ezhava community in Kerala were led by Narayana Guru to change their social practices.
(ii) Reformist social movement: This type of social movement strive to change the existing social and political arrangements through gradual incremental steps. The 1960 s movement for the reorganisation of Indian states on the basis of language and the recent Right to Information campaign are examples of reformist movements.
(iii) Revolutionary social movement: This movement attempt to redically transform social relations, often by capturing state power. The Bolshevik revolution in Russia that deposed the Tsar to create a communist state and the Naxalite movement in India that seeks to remove oppressive landlords and state officials can be described as revolutionary movements.
| C. LONG TYPE QUESTION & ANSWER |
1. What are the various types of social movements. Discuss.
Ans: Social movements can be classified as:
(i) Redemptive or transformatory.
(ii) Reformist. and
(iii) Revolutionary.
(i) Redemptive or transformatory Social movement: Redemptive social movements aims to bring about a change in the personal consciousness and actions of its individual members.
(ii) Reformist: Reformist social movements strive to change the existing social and political arrangements through gradual, incremental steps. Right to Information campaigns is an example of reformist social movements.
(iii) Revolutionary social involvements: Revolutionary social movements attempt to radically transform social relations, often by capturing state power. The Bolshevik revolution of Russia the Naxalite movements of India are examples of of revolutionary social movements.
However, one must remember that most social movements have a mix of redemptive reformist and revolutionary elements.
2. Do you believe that orientation of social involvements change time to time?
Ans: The orientation of a social movement may shift over time such that it may start with revolutionary objectives and becomes reformist. A movement may start from a phase of mass mobilisation and collective protest to become more institutionalised. A social scientist named Oomner, who studied the life cycles of social involvements call this move towards Social movement organisations.
3. What is new Social movements?
Ans: In the 1960s and early 1970s another wave of social movements started. During this period strong protest against the Vietnam war arosed in America and in different parts of the globe. In Europe, France became the nucleus of various student movements. The woman’s movement and the environmental movement also gained momentum during this period. These movements are known as new social involvements.
4. What are the differences between Old and New Social movements?
Ans: Firstly, the historical contexts between Old and New social Movements are quite different. The old social movements were either class based such as working class or parents movements or anti colonial movements. Thus old social movements clearly saw reorganisation of power relations as a central goal. On the other hand, new social movements are neither class based nor about reorganisation of state power.
Secondly, the old social movements functioned within the framework of political parties. As for example, the Indian National congress led the Indian National Movement. But new social movements are non-partisan character. New social movements like woman’s group, environmental movements and tribal activists are non-political and non-partisan in characters.
Moreover, old social movements were national in characters while a large number of new social movements are global in scope. As present problems like environmental and health problem, fears of nuclear warfare are global in nature, social movements have also acquired global character.
5. What are the converse underlined the Chipko movement? Write a short notes on chipko movement. What are the intermingled interest and ideologies behind this movement?
Ans: The chipko movement is a good example of ecological movement in the Himalayan foothills. In this movement villagers allied together to some the oak and rhododendron forests near their villages. When the govt. forest contractors came to cut down the trees, villagers including large numbers of women huged the trees to prevent their being felled. Actually the means of the Hindi word-Chipko is long. Thus, the villagers saved the forest on which the villagers dependent for fire woods, fodder and other daily necessities. Thus, the question of cutting trees was actually a question of villagers substance. Hence, chipko movement placed the livelihood needs of poor villagers against the governments desire to generate revenues from selling timbers. This movement also raised the issue of ecological sustainability. Cutting down natural forest was a form of environmental destruction which resulted in devastating flood and landslide in the region. Moreover, this chipko movement also expressed the resentment of hills villagers against a distant government headquarter in the plains which is quite indifferent to their concerns.
Thus, the chipko movement underlined the economical, ecological as well as political concerns.
6. Distinguish between peasent and New farmer’s movements.
Ans: (i) Peasents movement have taken place in India from pre-colonial days, while the new farmers movement began only in the 1970.
(ii) The central problems of peasants have been land. The Zamindari System, sharecropping, land revenue have been some of the problems of the preasents. On the other hand problem of the farmers are mainly related with the market both as commodity producer and purchasers. Hence, the demands of the formers’ movements were price and related issues as for example price procurement, remuneration prices, taxation non-payment of loans etc.
(iii) The new farmers movements are non-party in character and are regionally organised. While on the other hand peasents movements were localised and were organised by political parties. The Telangana movement was led by communist party of India. The CPT are supported the Telangana movement.
(iv) Peasents movement in India took violent tarn on various occasions. The naxalite movement is an example of violent straggle. On the other hand, new farmers movement are though mainly anti-state home used novel methods of agitation like blocking of roads and railways, refusing politicians and bureaucrats entry to villages and so on. Thus new farmers movements are relying monthly on democratic means of agitation.
7. Write a short notes on Workers movement in India.
Ans: Factory production started in India in early 1860’s. Factories were established in Kolkata, Bombay and Madras. Even before emergence of trade unions, workers protest started. There were around so recorded strikes in the textile mills of Bombay struck work in the just mills of Calcutta and in the Binny’s mills in Madras. The first trade union was established in April 1918 in Madras by B.P Wadia. Mahatma Gandhi founded the textile labour association in the same year. In 1920 All India Trade Union Congress was established in Bombay. The formation of AITUC made the colonial govt. more cautions in dealing with labour. In 1922, the govt. passed the fourth factories act. which reduced the working day to 10 hours. In 1926 the trade union act was passed which provided for registration of trade unions and proposed same regulation. By 1920, AITUC had nearly 200 unions affiliated to it.
As the communists gained considerable control over the AITUC the Indian National congress formed another union named India National Trade Union Congress (AITUC) in 1947. This split paned the for farther splits in AITUC on party lines.
In 1974, there was a major railway workers strikes. In this strike two confrontation between state and trade unions become acute. During two emergency in 1975-77 the govt. curbed all trade union activation. However it was Short lived. The workers movement was may much Part of the wider struggle for civil liberties.
8. Write short notes an Dalit Movement.
Ans: Dalit movement is a struggle for recognition as fellow human begins. It is struggle for self confidence and a space for self-determination. There has not been a single, unified. Dalit movement in t country. Different movements have highlighted different issues related to Dalits. However all of them assert a Dalit identity which is not identical or precise for everyone. In spite of differences in the nature of Dalit movement and the meaning of identify the core all the Dalit movements have been the quest for equality, self dignity and eradication of untouchability. This can be seen in the Satnami movement of the chamaras. Dharma movement in Punjab, the Mahar movement in Maharashtra etc. In the contemporary period, Dalit movement have been accompanied by a growing body of Dalit literature.
9. What was the root cause of rise of ethnically in N.E India.
Ans: The tribes were isolated from the India mainstream for a very long time and thus maintained their own world view and socio-cultural institution. However in the pre as well as post independent period the tribal people came to the contact with powerful alien system. Ethnicity arose an a response to cope with the new situation.
10. Explain in brief about dalit movement.
Ans: Dalit movement is a struggle for recognition as fellow human begins. It is struggle for self confidence and a space for self-determination. There has not been a single, unified. Dalit movement in the country. Different movements have highlighted different issues related to Dalits. However all of them assert a Dalit identity which is not identical or precise for everyone. In spite of differences in the nature of Dalit movement and the meaning of identify the core all the Dalit movements have been the quest for equality, self dignity and eradication of untouchability. This can be seen in the Satnami movement of the chamaras. Dharma movement in Punjab, the Mahar movement in Maharashtra etc. In the contemporary period, Dalit movement have been accompanied by a growing body of Dalit literature.
11. Describe the main features of women’s movement since the 1970s.
Ans: Some important features of second generation womens movements are as follows:
(i) From the mid 1970’s women movements tried to become autonomous. Earlier women’s movements were controlled by political parties. But during this period women organisations come out from the clutch of political parties. It was felt that political parties tended to marginalise women issues.
(ii) Apart from organisational changes, many new issues came up. Violence against women, dowry related issues, issues of land rights for women, sexual harassment in work place representation of women in politics etc. were the new issues which picked up momentum during this period.
12. Write a short essay on women’s movements in India after interpendence.
Ans: The early 20th century saw the growth of women’s organisation at national and local level. The women’s India Association (WIA, 1917), All India women’s conference (AIWC, 1926) National Council for Women in India (NCWI 1925) etc. are some of the prominent women organisations of that period. Though initially the fours of many of these organisations were limited, their scope extended over time. However, many sociologists believe that this period of activity didn’t constitute a social movement.
It is often assumed that only middle class educated women are involved in social movement. Women took part along with men various agrarian ravels like the Tebhaga and the Telangana movements. Thus before independence women took active role various movements.
In the mid 1970s there was a renewal of the woman’s movement in India. Some call it us the second phase of the India women’s movement. One feature of the women movements of this period was that these movements were autonomous or independent from political parties. It is worth mentioning here is that previous women movements had links with political parties. There new movements focussed new issues like violence against women, issues of land rights, sexual harassment and dowry etc.
13. Describe the main features of social reform movements before independence.
Ans: The main features of social reform movements before independence are:
(i) The social reform movements, which started in India in the 19th and early 20th century was a direct outcome of the British colonialism. Introduction of new means of transport and communication like the printing helped quick movement of new ideas. Thus, it was a direct outcome of British rule in India.
(ii) The social reform movements of 19th and early 20th century were basically related with religious reforms. Social reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Dayananda Saraswati, Keshav Chandra Sen etc. tried to remove religious orthodoxies and evils like sati, caste discrimination etc. On the other hand, social reformers like Sir Syed Ahmed Khan tried to remove religious evils of from Islam religion. Christian Missinaries also tried to remove evils from the society. They reached the remote corners of present day Nagaland, Mizoram, Meghalaya etc.
(iii) Another aspect of social reform movements of 19th and early 20th century India was the growth of modern organisation like the Brahmo Samaj, Arya Samaj, All India Muslim Ladies Conference etc. These new types of democratic organisations spread scientific and rational thinking style among the Indians.
(iv) As a result of the social reform movements new ideas of liberalism and freedom, new ideas of homemaking and marriage, new roles for mothers and doughters, new ideas of self-conscious pride in culture and tradition emerged. The value of education became very important.
(v) The central theme of the various social reform movements during that period was the injustices suffered by the lower castes due to caste discrimination.
(vi) Women issues were also discussed and highly debated during that period. The idea of female education was debated intensely. Social reformers like Jyotiba Phule opened the first school for women in Pune. Attempts were made to justify female education were made by recourse to both traditional and modern ideas. Social reformers actively debated the meanings of tradition and modernity. Thus, 19th century reform initiated a period of questioning, reinterpretations and both intellectual and social growth.
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