Class 12 Logic and Philosophy Chapter 6 Idealism – Subjective Idealism & Objective Idealism

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Class 12 Logic and Philosophy Chapter 6 Idealism – Subjective Idealism & Objective Idealism

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Idealism – Subjective Idealism & Objective Idealism

GROUP – A

A. VERY SHORT TYPE QUESTION & ANSWER

1. What are the main forms of Idealism?

Ans: There are three types of idealism.

They are as follows:

(i) Subjective Idealism.

(ii) Objective Idealism. and

(iii) Phenomenalistic Idealism.

2. Who is regarded as the founder of Subjective Idealism in modern period?

Ans: George Berkeley.

3. Who is regarded as the founder of objective Idealism in Modern period?

Ans: Hegel.

4. Who says “to be is to be perceived?”

Ans: George Berkeley.

5. According to whom “Thought and Reality are identical.” 

Ans: Hegel.

6. What type of Idealism has been offered by Hegel?

Ans: Objective Idealism.

7. According to which theory, the existence of the external world is dependent on knowing mind?

Ans: Subjective Idealism.

8. What kind of Idealism has been established by Berkely? 

Ans: Subjective Idealism.

9. According to the objective Idealism of Hegel, Reality is __________.

Ans: “thought.”

10. “What is rational is actual and what is actual is rational”. Name the philosopher who associated with this statement.

Ans: Hegel.

B. SHORT TYPE ANSWERS

1. Define Subjective Idealism.

Ans: Subjective Idealism denies the esistence of the external objects and reduces them to the subjective ideas of the finite minds. External objects are sensations produced in the finite minds by God.

2. Define objective Idealism.

Ans: Hegel admits the reality of the world. He regards it as an out ward expression of the Absolute Mind. It is independent of the finite mind of God. It is the object of the external and universal consciousness. The finite mind are the finite reproductions of God through the limiting adjunects of the physical organism. So, the world is real as well as ideal.

3. What is the meaning of “esse est percipi?” 

Ans: The meaning of “esse est percipi” is “to be is to be perceived”. Something only exists when it is being perceived.

4. What is dialectical method?

Ans: Hegel’s Absolute Reality is dynamic. It manifests its own being is and through the diversity of this world. Inner conflicts of thoughts are there. But these are the mysteries of the Absolute. Conflicts are synthesised and harmonised in the bosom of the Absolute. This method is known as dialectical method.

C. SHORT TYPE ANSWERS

1. What is Idealism? What are its different forms?

Ans: According to idealism, the mind is the primary reality. Our ideas are not representations of external objects independent of minds. There are three types of idealism.

They are as follows:

(i) Subjective Idealism.

(ii) Objective Idealism. and

(iii) Phenomenalistic Idealism.

2. Do you think that subjective Idealism is a satisfactory theory? If not why?

Ans: No, Subjective Idealism has some drawbacks.

(i) Berkeley says existence consists in their being perceived. But Neo-Realists argue, the object exist, it is independent of the mind and its knowledge of it. Its existence is not affected by the minds knowledge of it.

(ii) Berkeley argues, we perceive a sensation or the object at the same time, we can never separate the two from each other in actual perception, so they must be identical with each other. According to him, ‘blue’ and ‘sensation of blue’ are identical with each other, because they can never be perceived apart from each other. But inseparability in perception does not prove identity. Variety in sensation can not be accounted for without variety in objects.

(iii) Berkeley infers that the sensible things are ideas or sensations of the perceiving mind in as much as what are perceived by us are our own ideas or sensations. Berkeley never proves this assumption. The mind immediately perceives objects, nor through the medium of ideas. The mind knows them directly and immediately.

3. State the general features of subjective Idealism.

Ans: Berkeley advocates the subjective Idealism. For him, matter is nothing but a cluster of qualities and all the qualities of matter, both primary and secondary, are nothing but subjective states or ideas of our minds. Hence Berkeley argues that the existence of a thing consists in its being perceived. If all knowledge comes from experience, then we know nothing but the ideas of our minds, since what we perceive is an idea of the mind. Thus the conception of extramental matter is a dogmatic and superfluous assumption. The external world does not exist and so the qualities of the world, both primary and secondary, are the subjective ideas of the mind. But the perception or ideas are not created by our own minds, but communicated to us by God who is the cause of our sensations. He produces sensations in the finite minds according to fixed laws. Berkeley admits the existence of minds alone, of the finite minds and of God or the infinite mind. He denies the existence of the external world. So, his doctrine is called Subjective Idealism.

4. Mention three points of criticism against objective Idealism of Hegel.

Ans: The three points of criticism against objective Idealism of Hegel are:

(i) Modern Realists admit the Hegelian view that, nature is rational or intelligible, But they do not admit its dependence on any mind, finite or infinite. They deny its spiritual character or being an expression of the Inginite Mind.

(ii) Hegel belittles the importance and significance of the human spirits. He concedes relative freedom to human minds and yet belittles their creativity and freedom. He seems to deny their power of creating new values and new order.

(iii) Kierkegaard argued that “What is rational is actual, and what is actual is rational’, that it can not be so far any individual, because both reality and humans are incomplete.

S.L No.	CONTENTS
Chapter – 1	Nature Of Inductive Enquiry, Various Kinds Of Induction
Chapter – 2	Grounds Of Induction
Chapter – 3	Hypothesis
Chapter – 4	Mill’s Method Of Experimental Enquiry
Chapter – 5	Realism-Naive Realism & Scientific Realism
Chapter – 6	Idealism – Subjective Idealism & Objective Idealism
Chapter – 7	Ethics
Chapter – 8	Religion

D. LONG TYPE ANSWERS

1. Write short note on “esse est percipi.

Ans: The meaning of “Esse Est Percipi” is that the existence of a thing consists in its being perceived. Berkeley holds that as all knowledge come from experience, we know nothing but the ideas of our minds. Since what we perceive is an idea of the mind. Thus the conception of extramental matter is a dogmatic and superfluous assumption. The external world does not exist and consequently, the primary and the secondary qualities are subjective ideas of the mind. Berkeley admits the existence of minds alone of the finite minds and of God or the infinite Mind. His doctrine is known as Subjective Idealism.

2. Write short note on subjective Idealism.

Ans: According to Subjective Idealism, matter is nothing but a cluster of qualities, and all the qualities of matter, both primary and secondary, are nothing but subjective states or ideas of our minds. Hence Berkeley, an advocate of Subjective Idealism, states that the existence of a thing consists in its being perceived. Berkeley admits the existence of minds alone, of the finite minds and of God or the infinite Mind. He denies the existence of the external world. So, his idealism is known as Subjective Idealism.

3. What are the criticism raised against Objective Idealism of Hegel?

Ans: Hegel’s Objective Idealism faces criticisms of modern realists. According to Objective Idealism, the world is an outward expression of the Absolute Mind. It is independent of the finite mind of God. But, Realism believes in the external objects independent of minds. Knowledge is an exact copy of representation of the extra mental objects. Modern realist thinkers like G.E. Moore, Bertrand Russell, Soren Kiekegaard criticised Hegel’s objective idealism, Kiekegaard argued against dictum of Hegel, that ‘what is regional is actual, and what is actual is rational’, that is can not be so for any individual. Because both reality and human are incomplete. Modern Realists do not admit that nature is dependent on any mind, finite or infinite. They deny its spiritual character or being an expression of the Infinite Mind.

Hegel belittles the importance and significance of the human spirits. He concedes relative freedom to human minds and yet belittles their creativity and freedom. He seems to deny their power of creating new value and new order.

4. Briefly express four characteristics of Hegel’s Objective Idealism. 

Ans: The four characteristics of Hegel’s Objective Idealism are:

(i) The ultimate ideas according to Hegel, is the Ultimate Reality. The Absolute manifests its consciousness through finite ideas. 

(ii) The relation between the Absolute Idea and the world of things and minds is that the one can not be without the other.

(iii) Hegels Absolute Reality is living as well as dynamic. It manifests its own being in an through the diversity of this world.

(iv) Hegel’s idealism admits the reality of the world. It tries to reconcile idealism and realism recognising the due status of the world. It is real manifestation of the absolute.

E. LONG TYPE ANSWERS

1. What is subjective Idealism? Discuss critically.

Ans: Berkeley advocates the subjective Idealism. For him, matter is nothing but a cluster of qualities and all the qualities of matter, both primary and secondary, are nothing but subjective states or ideas of our minds. Hence Berkeley argues that the existence of a thing consists in its being perceived. If all knowledge comes from experience, then we know nothing but the ideas of our minds, since what we perceive is an idea of the mind. Thus the conception of extramental matter is a dogmatic and superfluous assumption. The external world does not exist and so the qualities of the world, both primary and secondary, are the subjective ideas of the mind. But the perception or ideas are not created by our own minds, but communicated to us by God who is the cause of our sensations. He produces sensations in the finite minds according to fixed laws. Berkeley admits the existence of minds alone, of the finite minds and of God or the infinite mind. He denies the existence of the external world. So, his doctrine is called Subjective Idealism.

Criticism:

(i) Berkeley says existence consists in their being perceived. But Neo-Realists argue, the object exist, it is independent of the mind and its knowledge of it. Its existence is not affected by the minds knowledge of it.

(ii) Berkeley aegnes, we perceive a sensation or the object at the same time, we can never separate the two from each other in actual perception, so they must be identical with each other. According to him, ‘blue’ and ‘sensation of blue’ are identical with each other, because they can never be perceived apart from each other. But inseparability in perception does not prove identity. Variety in sensation can not be accounted for without variety in objects. 

(iii) Berkeley infers that the sensible things are ideas or sensations of the perceiving mind in as much as what are perceived by us are our own ideas or sensations. Berkeley never proves this assumption. The mind immediately perceives objects, nor through the medium of ideas. The mind knows them directly and immediately.

2. Critically discuss objective Idealism of Hegel. 

Ans: According ti Hegel, the Absolute Spirit is not an ego or mind limited to non-ego. The absolute Spirit is immanent in nature and mind as universal reason. It is unconscious reason in nature and becomes conscious reason in finite minds. The Absolute is the universal reason. It is manifested more and more in matter, life and mind. It becomes conscious in the human mind. The individual is the subjective mind. The society is the objective mind. God is the absolute mind. There is a dialectic movement of the absolute or universal reason in nature. There is a dialectic movement of the finite reason in man. They correspond to each other. The dialectic movement is a process or evolution through thesis, antithesis and synthesis. A is thesis. Non-A is antithesis. They are reconciled in synthesis B. B is a thesis. Non-B is antithesis. C is higher synthesis of B and non-B. The categories move from the lower to the higher until they reach absolute Self consciousness, which is the highest and most comprehensive category. The self can be conscious of itself as distinguished from and related to the not-self or nature. It can be self conscious, when it overreaches the distinction between itself and its object and reconciles them with each other in a higher unity. The Absolute is the highest unity of self-consciousness which is manifested in the distinction of subject and object, self and not self, ego and non-ego, finite minds and nature and in their interrelation and harmony. The finite minds are reproductions of the absolute. Hegel says, “That only is real which is rational”. “That only is rational which is real”.

Criticism:

(i) Modern Realists admit the Hegelian view that, nature is rational or intelligible, But they do not admit its dependence on any mind, finite or infinite. They deny its spiritual character or being an expression of the Infinite Mind.

(ii) Hegel belittles the importance and significance of the human spirits. He concedes relative freedom to human minds and yet belittles their creativity and freedom. He seems to deny their power of creating new values and new order.

3. Is Berkeley’s Idealism subjective of objective?

Ans: Berkeley’s Idealism may be regarded as subjective and psychological. Because the external world is appropriate by individual consciousness. So, the material world will lose its existence and unity when it is unperceived by other minds. There is no objective existence of bodies outside the mind. Berkeley’s Idealism may be equated with solipsism. But such a view creates difficulties in many ways. Firstly, when a man does not perceive an object, will it cease to exist. Secondly, it is impossible for any person to perceive all things at a time.

To solve these problem Berkeley shifted his ground of idealism from the finite mind to Infinite Mind. In order to maintain continuity and unity of existence of things, Berkeley introduces God as the immediate cause of all our perception, all as permanent ideas in God’s mind. Now this second phase of idealism of Berkeley may be said to be a revival of platonic Idealism. So, the later phase of Berkeley’s Idealism seems to have objective character. But like most of the critics, Berkeley’s Idealism can not be regarded as objective Idealism.