Class 12 Logic and Philosophy Chapter 8 Religion

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Class 12 Logic and Philosophy Chapter 8 Religion

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Religion

GROUP – A

A. VERY SHORT TYPE QUESTION & ANSWER

1. The word ‘Religion’ is derived from which Latin word? 

Ans: The word religion is derived from the Latin word ‘religare’.

2. What is the meaning of the Latin word ‘Religare’?

Ans: The word religare means ‘bond’.

3. From which Sanskrit root the word ‘Dharma’ is derived? 

Ans: The word ‘Dharma’ is derived from the Sanskrit root word ‘dhri’, which means ‘to sustain’.

4. According to whom ‘Religion is the knowledge possessed by the finite mind of its nature as absolute mind?’

Ans: Hegel gave the above definition of religion.

5. Who say, “moral obligation and responsibility lead to the idea of God?’

Ans: Martineau says the above lines.

6. Do you believe that it is religion that makes morality? 

Ans: No, religion and morality are independent of each other.

7. Do you believe that religion is an end in itself? 

Ans: No, religion reacts upon morality and inspires and elevates it.

8. “Religion is the knowledge possessed by the finite mind of its nature as absolute mind” – Name the philosopher associated with the statement.

Ans: Hegel.

9. “The minimum definition of religion is: A belief in spiritual beings”-write the name of the philosopher associated with the statement.

Ans: E. B. Tylor.

10. “Religion is a mental faculty or disposition which enables may to apprehend the infinite”- Name the philosopher associated with the statement.

Ans: Max Muller.

11. “Religion is a warm intimate, immediate awareness of the infinite in the finite, the Eternal in the temperal, a sense of dependence on the whole”- write the name of the philosopher associated with the statement.

Ans: Schliermacher.

12. “Religion is morality touched with emotion”-write the name of the philosopher associated with the statement.

Ans: Mathew Arnold.

13. “Religion is the belief in the ever living God, that is, in a divine Mind and Will ruling the universe and holding moral relations with mankind” – who associated with this statement. 

Ans: Martineau.

14. “Religion is a faith in the conservation of values” – Name the philosopher who associated with the statement.

Ans: Hoffding.

15. ‘Morality is the source of religion’ – who support this? 

Ans: Kant, Martineau etc.

B. SHORT TYPE ANSWERS

1. What is the etymological meaning of Religion?

Ans: Etymologically, religion means a bond which unites the human life as well as the social life.

2. What are the three elements involved in Religion? 

Ans: The three elements involved in religion are thinking, feeling and willing.

3. What is religion according to Mathew Arnold?

Ans: According to Mathew Arnold “Religion is morality touched with emotion.”

4. Mention two important characteristics of Religion.

Ans: The characteristics of religion are as follows:

(i) The motives and the driving forces in religion are the basic human wants and desires-survival, growth, well being, self-realisation. 

(ii) Religion involves belief in a supreme power or powers on whom human beings depend for their well-being.

(iii) Religion involves rituals which are believed to be way of winning the favour of God or gods.

(iv) Like all major human activities, religion assumes a social institutions from.

5. What are the points of similarity between Religion and Morality?

Ans: Religion implies mans belief in God or gods and his attempts to commune with Him.

6. Mention two important points of difference between Religion and Morality.

Ans: There are some points of differences between religion and morality as follows:

(i) Religion has its centre in God while morality has its centre in man.

(ii) It is conceivable that there may be a purely humanistic morality which contains no reference to the supernatural but religion would lose its essential nature if all reference to the supernatural is excluded from it.

7. Do you believe that Religion is an end in itself? Give reasons for your answer.

Ans: No. Religion is not an end in itself. Morality is necessary to religion. Morality refines and purifies religion. So, religion finds its expression in morality. Again, morality culminates in religion. The great prophets of all religions have emphasised on the ethical qualities of righteousness and love as attributes of God and of the truly religious life.

C. SHORT TYPE ANSWERS

1. Mention three characteristics of Religion. 

Ans: The characteristics of religion are as follows:

(i) The motives and the driving forces in religion are the basic human wants and desires-survival, growth, well being, self-realization. 

(ii) Religion involves belief in a supreme power or powers on whom human beings depend for their well-being.

2. Mention three important points of difference between Religion and Morality. 

Ans: There are some points of differences between religion and morality as follows:

(i) Religion has its centre in God while morality has its centre in man. 

(ii) It is conceivable that there may be a purely humanistic morality which contains no reference to the supernatural but religion would lose its essential nature if all reference to the supernatural is excluded from it.

(iii) Religion is wider in scope than morality. Morality deals with goodness only but religion is more comprehensive as it includes other values i.e. the Beautiful, the True as well as the Good.

3. Describe Flint’s definition of Religion.

Ans: According to Flint, “Religion is man’s belief in being or beings mightier than himself and inaccessible to his senses but not indifferent to his sentiments and actions, with the feelings and practices which flow from much a belief.”

4. According to Descartes “it is religion that makes morality” If you do not agree give reasons for that.

Ans: No, I do not agree with the above view of Descartes. Because.

(a) It deprives God of moral character. It supposes that moral distinctions are dependent on his arbitrary will and are therefore reversible by him. But the truth is that God is the perfect being and righteousness in an element of his nature. Thus, moral distinctions do not depend upon his arbitrary will, but upon his moral nature.

(b) Men obey the moral law simply because God is almighty and he will reward or punish them according as they obey or disobey these laws. But acts done out of fear of punishment or in the hope of reward can never have moral merit.

5. What is the defect of Kant’s definition of Religion?

Ans: Kant defined religion as the “recognition of all our duties as divisions commandments.”

The defects of Kants definition of religion are as follows:

In Kants definition of religion there is no room left for the mystic experience of fellowship with God, prayer, reverence and worship which are characteristics of religious experience. According to Kant, religion is not the source of morality but morality is the source of religion. But religion and morality are closely connected. Both morality and religion are indispensable for a complete and integral development of the individual. 

6. What is religion according to Hegel? What is the defect of the Definition?

Ans: According to Hegel, “Religion is the knowledge possessed by the finite mind of its nature as absolute mind.”

But Hegel’s definition is too much intellectual. He puts emphasis on the logical character of the absolute in complete disregard of its conative and volitional aspect. In religion we not only have knowledge of God but also try to enter into moral and spiritual relationship with certain superhuman power of reality whom we believe to be the master of our destiny. Religion devoid of feeling or devotion or worship and religious practice is nothing more than a barren abstraction.

7. State the definition of religion which is most satisfactory among the definition of religion. Write the name of the philosopher who is associated with this definition.

Ans: The most satisfactory definition of religion is “Religion is man’s belief in a being or beings mightier than himself and inaccessible to his senses but not indifferent to his sentiments and actions, with the feelings and practices which flow from such a belief.”

The name of the philosopher who is associated with this definition is Flint.

D. LONG TYPE ANSWERS

1. What are the different characteristics of Religion.

Ans: The characteristics of religion are as follows:

(i) The motives and the driving forces in religion are the basic human wants and desires-survival, growth, well being, self-realization. 

(ii) Religion involves belief in a supreme power or powers on whom human beings depend for their well-being.

(iii) Religion involves rituals which are believed to be way of winning the favour of God or gods.

(iv) Like all major human activities, religion assumes a social institutional form.

2. State Kant’s definition of Religion. What are its defects? 

Ans: Kant defined religion as the “recognition of all our duties as divine commandments.”

The defects of Kants definition of religion are as follows: 

In Kants definition of religion there is no room left for the mystic experience of fellowship with God, prayer, reverence and worship which are characteristics of religious experience. According to Kant, religion is not the source of morality but morality is the source of religion. But religion and morality are closely connected. Both morality and religion are indispensable for a complete and integral development of the individual. 

3. Mention the points of difference between Morality and Religion. 

Ans: There are some points of differences between religion and morality as follows:

(i) Religion has its centre in God while morality has its centre in man.

(ii) It is conceivable that there may be a purely humanistic morality which contains no reference to the supernatural but religion would lose its essential nature if all reference to the supernatural is excluded from it.

(iii) Religion is wider in scope than morality. Morality deals with goodness only but religion is more comprehensive as it includes other values i.e. the Beautiful, the Truth as well as the Good. 

(iv) Morality implies progress towards the Infinite while religion implies progress within the Infinite.

(v) Religion is more characteristically an emotional experience than morality. This is the difference that was expressed by Mathew Arnold’s definition by religion as ‘Morality touched by emotion.” 

(vi) Morality depends entirely in the consciousness of freedom whereas religion moves in the opposite sphere of necessity.

4. Discuss the view that religion and morality are independent.

Ans: This view states that religion and morality are independent of each other. Neither religion rises out of morality nor morality rises out of religion. But each springs from a distinct source in the human mind. Religion arises out of a ‘feeling of dependence’ on power or powers higher than man for self preservation and well being. Morality again, arises from the idea and aspiration toward perfection of self Morality thus springs up in the human mind at a higher stage of its development. Though religion and morality arise independently of each other, yet it is found that intellectual and moral development lead to a final synthesis between the two.

5. Mention four points of similarity between religion and morality.

Ans: The four points of similarity between religion and morality are: 

(i) Both religion and morality believe in God. 

(ii) Both of them believe in immortality of the soul.

(iii) Both springs from a distinct source in the human mind.

(iv) Both religion and morality influence each other.

E. LONG TYPE ANSWERS

1. What is religion? What is the nature of it?

Ans: Religion implies mans belief in God or gods and his attempt to commune with him.

Religion is generally defined as consisting in a belief in an everliving God as the Creator, Sustainer and Moral Governor of the world together with the feeling of owe, reverence, trust and love and voluntary acts of devotion, dedication and worship. Thus, religion touches the whole man. The total individuality with all the aspects of life. All the three elements of human life viz., thinking, feeling and willing are involved in religion in a characteristic way.

Religion implies man’s belief in God or gods and his attempts to commune with him. Religion has two aspects viz., internal and external. The internal aspect refers to the intellectual and emotional elements present in consciousness i.e., ideas, thoughts and feelings concerning man’s relation to God. The external aspect refers to the practical activities i.e. rites, ceremonies through which the religious feeling is expressed.

Religion has both individual and social aspect. In its individual aspect, religion is more or less a matter of individual experience and conviction of personal realisation, personal salvation. By the social aspect we mean a spirit, a devotion to the ideal of social unity and to all that is essential for its promotion and maintenance.

Religion is undeniably a feature of our personality which is constituted by the three elements of thinking, feeling and willing. But when we consider some of the prevalent definitions of religion, we find that they restrict religion to one or other of these elements. A critical estimate of these definitions may help us in understanding the nature of religion.

Hegel defines religion as a form of Knowledge, the knowledge of the Absolute Idea involving the ultimate unity of the finite and the infinite. But religion devoid of feeling or devotion or worship and religious practices is nothing more than a barren abstraction.

Tylor describes religion as the belief in spiritual beings. But from this definition we do not know anything about the nature of spiritual beings. Schliermacher defines religion in terms of feeling. But the essence of religion consists in its mystic inwardness as immediate awareness of God. But the element of feeling in religion can not be mere feeling. It must have some ideal content and religious feeling can not be separated from the idea as to make the former essential and later non-essential.

Mc. Taggart defines religion in terms of emotion, neglecting the element of action.

Kant defined religion as the recognition of all our duties as divine commandments.

Mathew states that, religion is morality touched with emotion. 

Frazer defined religion as “Propitiation or conciliation of powers superior to man which are believed to direct and control the course of nature and of human life.” His definition emphasises the element of volition and action in religion.

Hoffding defines religion as “faith in the conservation of values.” But his definition fails to do justice to the active and purposive character of religious experience. It also ignores the intimate and personal relation to a supreme being called God regarded as the source and ground of all values.

But the most satisfactory definition, which is given by Flint is “Religion is man’s belief in a being or beings mightier than himself and inaccessible to his senses but not indifferent to his sentiments and actions, with the feeling and practices which flow from such a belief.”

2. According to Schilermacher what is religion? What are the merits and demerits of his definition?

Ans: According to Schilermacher “the essence of religion consists in feeling i.e. feeling disconnected from thought on the one hand and morality or action on the other. Religion is a warm, intimate, immediate awareness of the infinite in the finite, the External in the temporal, a sense of dependence on the whole.”

Merits: Schliermacher saved religion from barren intellectualism and mere moralism. The essence of religion consists in its mystic inwardness as immediate awareness of God.

Demerits: the element of feeling is religion can not be mere feeling. It must have some ideal content and religious feeling can not be separated from the idea as to make the former essential and latter non-essential.

3. “Morality leads to Religion”- Discuss this statement critically. 

Ans: According to Marlineau, morality leads to religion. Our consciousness or moral faculty gives us an institution of right and wrong and of the obligatoriness of right conduct. It is obligatory upon us to do what is right. Obligation means obligation to some higher authority. I am not the source of this moral obligation. If I were so, I could annual my sense of obligation at my pleasure. The society or state also can not be the source of my moral obligation because it can not take cognizance of all my action, motives and intentions. So, God who is omniscient and omnipresent must be the ultimate source of moral authority of whom we are responsible for our actions. So, Martineau holds that moral obligation and responsibility necessarily lead to the idea of God.

Again, our conscience or moral faculty provides us with an ideal of perfect moral excellence. This ideal of excellence in realised in God. So, according to Marlineau, morality gives rise to the belief in God as the source of moral authority and as ideally perfect being.

4. What is the relation between religion and morality? 

Ans: Belief in God and immortality of the soul are common to religion and morality. Existence of God and immortality of the soul are the fundamental articles of faith in religion. Similarly, immortality of the soul and existence of God are fundamental postulates of morality. The moral ideal is eternally realised in God who is an embodiment of moral perfection. Again, moral life demands that the soul does not persih along with the body.

There are some points of differences between religion and morality as follows:

(i) Religion has its centre in God while morality has its centre in man. 

(ii) It is conceivable that there may be a purely humanistic morality which contains no reference to the supernatural but religion would lose its essential nature if all reference to the supernatural is excluded from it.

(iii) Religion is wider in scope than morality. Morality deals with goodness only but religion is more comprehensive as it includes other values i.e. the Beautiful, the True as well as the Good. 

(iv) Morality implies progress towards the Infinite while religion implies progress within the Infinite.

(v) Religion is more characteristically an emotional experience than morality. This is the difference that was expressed by Mathew Arnold’s definition by religion as ‘Morality touched by emotion.’

(vi) Morality depends entirely in the consciousness of freedom whereas religion moves in the opposite sphere of necessity.