SEBA Class 9 Geography Chapter 7 Agriculture

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SEBA Class 9 Geography Chapter 7 Agriculture

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Agriculture

TEXTUAL QUESTION AND ANSWERS

1. What is meant by agriculture? Mention briefly the factors influencing agriculture?

Ans: Agriculture is a major and very old economic activity of the people of the world. Generally, in broad sense, both crop production and livestock rearing are together considered as agriculture. Agriculture depends on a number of natural and socio-economic factors. Among the natural factors, land, surface slope, climate and water are important. Among the socio-economic factors, the important ones are economic condition, level of education, urbanisation, industrialisation, transport and communication and market.

2. Explain why agriculture practice is not similar  everywhere in the world?

Ans: Agricultural practices are not similar everywhere in the world because natural and socio-economic factors vary from region to region. These factors include land, slope, climate, water availability, economic condition, level of education, urbanisation, transport and communication, and market facilities.

Since these factors are not the same in all places, agriculture also differs from area to area. The crops cultivated, the method of cultivation and the objectives of agriculture are found to vary over space and through time. As a result, agricultural practice in one region may be entirely different from that in another.

3. Classify agriculture and give the basis of your classification.

Ans: The agriculture practiced in the world may be divided into various classes. Different characteristics of agriculture such as permanence, method of farming, objectives of agriculture, farm size, investment of capital may be the basis of classification. 

Generally agriculture is classified as follows:

(i) Agriculture may be of two types according to its permanence:

(a) Permanent agriculture.

(b) Shifting agriculture.

(ii) On the basis of farm size, agriculture may be of another two types:

(a) Large-scale or Extensive agriculture.

(b) Small-scale or Intensive agriculture.

(iii) According to economic consideration agriculture may be of another two types:

(a) Commercial agriculture.

(b) Subsistence agriculture.

(iv) On the basis of land quality, climate and method of farming there may be another two types of agriculture:

(a) Dry farming.

(b) Wet farming.

4. What is permanent agriculture? Discuss briefly its characteristics.

Ans:Generally people permanently settle down in the plains and perform permanent agriculture there. In the fields of the plains people cultivate for years together. The farmers use plough, tractors, irrigation and fertilisers in their agriculture. This type of agriculture practiced permanently in an area is called permanent agriculture. Presently almost in all parts of the world permanent type of agriculture is practiced. The agricultural output in this type of agriculture is relatively high. Livestock rearing forms a component of this type of agriculture.

5. Give a brief outline of shifting cultivation. How these types of agriculture regards the environment.

Ans: In the highlands (hills, mountains and plateaus) of the tropical region, it is difficult to practice agriculture permanently due to certain natural factors. The inhabitants of these areas practice a kind of temporary agriculture on the hill slopes. After removing the forest cover they cultivate there for 2–3 years. Then they shift to some other area and cultivate following the same method. This type of practice is known as shifting cultivation. In all the hilly areas of India, shifting cultivation is practiced. The tribal people of the North-eastern states – Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, Meghalaya and Assam hills-practice this type of agriculture. It is known as jhum cultivation in the North-eastern region of India. It is a primitive type of agriculture with relatively less crop output.

6. Present a comparative picture of large scale and small scale agriculture? 

Ans: Large-scale agriculture is practiced over extensive areas of land and generally involves the use of modern machinery, improved seeds, irrigation and fertilisers. The agricultural output is high due to large investment of capital and advanced technology. It is mostly commercial in nature and aims at producing surplus for sale in markets.

Small-scale agriculture, on the other hand, is practiced on small plots of land. The farmers generally depend on family labour and use traditional tools and methods of cultivation. The agricultural output is low and mostly meant for subsistence. The investment of capital is very small compared to large-scale agriculture.

7. What do you mean by plantation farming? Discuss its characteristics?

Ans: Plantation farming is a special type of commercial agriculture practiced mainly in tropical regions. In this type of farming a single crop is grown over a large estate for commercial purposes. Tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, oil palm and cotton are some important plantation crops.

Characteristics of plantation farming:

(i) A single crop (monoculture) is cultivated over a large area.

(ii) It requires a huge investment of capital.

(iii) Scientific methods and modern inputs like fertilisers, irrigation and machinery are used.

(iv) The production is mainly for export and market sale.

(v) Large labour force is employed permanently.

(vi) Processing industries are often located near the plantations (e.g., tea factories).

8. Describe briefly the relationship between urbanisation and market gardening.

Ans: Urbanisation leads to the growth of towns and cities which create a high demand for fresh vegetables, fruits, flowers, milk and other perishable items. To meet this demand, intensive cultivation of perishable crops is practiced around urban centres. This is known as market gardening.

Fast transport and communication systems help farmers supply their produce quickly to the city markets. Thus, urbanisation directly promotes market gardening, and market gardening in turn supports the growing needs of urban population.

9. What kind of environment is required for rice cultivation? Write briefly about the geographical distribution of rice. 

Ans: Environment required:

(i) Hot and humid climate.

(ii) Temperature above 24°C throughout the growing season.

(iii) Annual rainfall above 150 cm.

(iv) Clayey and alluvial soil which can retain water.

(v) Plenty of cheap labour for transplantation and harvesting.

Geographical distribution:

Rice is mainly cultivated in the monsoon regions of Asia. China, India, Bangladesh, Japan, Indonesia, Thailand, Myanmar and Vietnam are the leading rice-producing countries. In India, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Assam, Odisha and Bihar are the major rice-growing states.

10. Give an account of wheat cultivations?

Ans: Wheat is a temperate crop grown in regions with cool winters and moderate rainfall. It requires temperatures between 10°C and 20°C during the growing period. Loamy and well-drained soils are best suited for wheat cultivation. Modern agricultural inputs like HYV seeds, irrigation, fertilisers and machinery are widely used.

Wheat is mostly grown in the temperate grasslands of the world. The USA, Canada, Russia, Ukraine, Argentina and Australia are the major producers. In India it is grown extensively in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh.

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SEBA Class 9 Geography Textual [New Edition Updated]

SL. No.	CONTENTS
Chapter – 1	Weather and Climate
Chapter – 2	People on the Earth
Chapter – 3	Population Growth and Distribution
Chapter – 4	Human Settlement
Chapter – 5	Concept and Classification of Resources
Chapter – 6	Economic Activities or Occupation
Chapter – 7	Agriculture
Chapter – 8	Industry