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Class 12 Education Chapter 5 Part I Memory and Forgetting
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Part I Memory and Forgetting
| A. QUESTIONS FOR 1 MARK EACH |
(a) Write whether the following statements are true or false:
1. Forgetting helps in the act of remembering.
Ans: True.
2. We cannot attend more than one thing at a time.
Ans: True.
3. We forget more in the daytime than at night.
Ans: False.
4. Memory cannot be improved by practice.
Ans: False.
5. Forgetting may be temporary as well as permanent.
Ans: True.
6. Faculty school of psychologist considers memory as a mental process.
Ans: False.
7. Repetition is essential for learning.
Ans: True.
8. Health is a prerequisite for good memory.
Ans: True.
9. Memory is a mechanical process.
Ans: True.
10. Memory is present knowledge of past experience.
Ans: True.
11. When older memories interfere in retrieval of newer memory it is called repression.
Ans: False.
12. Mass learning is more helpful than spaced learning in memorization.
Ans: False.
13. Whole method of learning is more effective than part learning in memorization.
Ans: True.
14. Closure is a cause of forgetting.
Ans: True.
15. It is easier to remember meaningless words.
Ans: False.
16. Recognition is possible in the presence of past experience.
Ans: True.
17. Recognition is not possible in absence of sensory experiences.
Ans: False.
18. Forgetting is essential for memory.
Ans: True.
19. Memory is a remarkable mental power.
Ans: True.
20. Memory is an active process of our mind.
Ans: True.
21. Memory can not takes places without sensory experiences.
Ans: True.
22. Capacity of retention is native.
Ans: True.
23. Recognition is comparatively a passive process than recall.
Ans: False.
24. We remember multiplication table because of habit memory.
Ans: True.
25. Good memory is always serviceable.
Ans: True.
(b) Fill in the gaps:
26. The process of reproduction of past experience in conscious mind is known as ____________.
Ans: Recall or remembering.
27. Identification of past experience in its presence is known as ____________.
Ans: Memory.
28. Presence of object of reproduction is essential in ____________ process.
Ans: Memory.
29. Time gap is a cause of ____________.
Ans: Forgetting.
30. According to Burgson there are two types of memory one is true memory and the other type is ____________ Memory.
Ans: Habit.
31. Forgetting due to physical causes in called ____________.
Ans: Fading.
32. ____________ is possible only in the presence of a past stimulus.
Ans: Memory.
33. Retro-active-inhibition may be one of the causes of ____________.
Ans: Forgetting.
34. Memory consist three separate but interrelated component these are – learning retention and ____________.
Ans: Recall or remembering.
35. Memory traces are known as ____________.
Ans: engram.
36. When newer memories interfere in retrieval of older memory it is called ____________.
Ans: Retro-active-inhibition.
37. Learn something giving interval is known as ____________.
Ans: Spaced learning.
38. ____________ believed that memory can be improved through practice.
Ans: William Mc Dougall.
39. Forgetting is a defense mechanism of conscious mind. The statement was made by ____________.
Ans: Frued.
40. A man identifies a friend whom he was not met for a long time. He did it with the help of ____________.
Ans: Recall or remembering.
41. A teacher while teaching about a poem recited from memory a poem of the same poet which she learnt in her childhood. The type of memory activated was ____________.
Ans: Memory (Image).
42. ____________ is the first step in memory.
Ans: Experience acquisition-or learning.
43. ____________ is the second stage in memory.
Ans: Retention.
44. ____________ is the mental revival of image.
Ans: Memory.
45. Memory formed through motor mechanism is known as ____________.
Ans: Habit memory.
46. When time gap between learning and remembering is long then it is known as ____________ memory.
Ans: Long term.
47. ____________ memory is based on logical thinking.
Ans: Logical.
48. According to ____________ memory can be improved by practice.
Ans: M.C. Dougall.
49. According to ____________ retentiveness is innate.
Ans: Stout.
50. Inability to remember is commonly known as ____________.
Ans: Inability to remember is commonly known as forgetting.
61. Remembering with deliberate attempts is known as ____________ memory.
Ans: active.
62. ____________ memory is a mechanical type of memory.
Ans: Rote memory.
63. Remembering our name is an example of ____________ memory.
Ans: prolonged.
64. Swimming is possible because of ____________ memory.
Ans: habit.
(c) Give Short Answer (preferably in one sentence):
65. What is recognition?
Ans: Recognition is the act of mentally verifying the correctness or otherwise of the remembered facts.
66. What is the first factor of memorization?
Ans: Learning or acquisition of experience.
67. Write the name of the process which sends the unfavourable experience from conscious mind to unconscious mind.
Ans: Repression.
68. What is memory trace.
Ans: The five sense organs of a human beings helps us to get the picture of many scene or objects which setose image or perlive in mind process as memory trace.
(d) Give Short Answer (preferably in one sentence):
69. What is true memory?
Ans: True memory is that which gives importance upon retention of image. It involves mental activity and it never depends on bodily mechanism.
70. Why recognition is easier than recall?
Ans: Recognition simply means consciousness that we have experienced the recalled event before. Therefore recognition is easier than recall.
71. Mention which process seems to operate in answering multiple choice items.
Ans: Recognition process.
72. Give an example of immediate memory.
Ans: Dictation writing is an example of immediate memory.
73. “Black reminds us white”-. Why.
Ans: Due to the associative memory black reminds us while.
74. “The daughters’ face reminds us about her mother”- Why.
Ans: Due to the similarity of associative memory the daugthers face reminds us about her mother.
75. Why property is more easily memorized?
Ans: We get to remember poems when we hear it by recitation. Rhythemic recitation of poems help our memory. So poetry is more easily memorized.
76. What is habit memory?
Ans: Memory that is formed due to the repetitions of habitual acts in know as habit memory.
77. Write the name of the psychologist, who believed that memory, can be improved through practice?
Ans: The name of the psychologist, who believed that memory, can be improved through practice are William MC. Dougall.
| B. QUESTIONS FOR 2 MARK EACH |
1. Mention two factors that help retention of past experience.
Ans: Two factors that help retention of past experiences are: repetition and continuous practice.
2. Write the name of two processes through which we can remember something.
Ans: (a) Recognition.
(b) Recall.
3. What is repression.
Ans: Repression means keeping down something by force. It is a psychological phenomenon whereby unfulfilled desires of mind, unpleasant experiences of life are forcefully or voluntarily pushed back into the unconscious level of mind.
4. What is blocking.
Ans: Forgetting due to mental causes is called blocking.
5. What is fading?
Ans: Forgetting due to physical causes is termed as fading.
6. How law of dissimilarity helps in memorization?
Ans: If three is differences between two subjects it helps us in memorization. e.g. sorrow things can be maintained by remembering good hings. Darbness can be removed by brightness.
7. What is span of memory?
Ans: People cannot remember everything. There is a limitation of memory of an individual. If a person is shown several things or given some numbers, words or letters and asked to reproduce what he has seen or remembered he cannot remember all these at a time. In the beginning if only a few numbers are given, he can reproduce them quickly. This number is gradually increased and a state will be reached when he cannot reproduce more than some limited numbers, words or letters. This limitation of memory of a person is known as span of memory.
8. “Repetition is an essential condition of memory.”-Explain.
Ans: Repetition strengthens the bond in learning to keep its impression for long period of time. It makes our learning more active. It is valuable for learning all type of material for both immediate and delayed recall.
9. “Recognition facilitates recall.” -explain with an example.
Ans: Whenever an event or an experience is recalled, it must be recognised to be our own, that is, we have ourselves experienced the recalled event before. F/ E when we perceive a picture and say, we remember having seen it before. We are said to have recognition. Whenever we recognise something, it seems familiar to us. So it is called recognition facilitates recall.
10. Give an example of sensory memory.
Ans: A person can efficient artist in draouing who have strong sensory memory in notice.
11. What is long term memory.
Ans: Long term memory is the memory which retains sensory impressions for endless duration, sometime even for the whole span of life time memory.
12. Will to learn helps in remembering – explain.
Ans: Retention of learning or experience depends on will power. Due to take of will learning appears to be a fruitful exercise. will to learn and concentration gives longer retention and better recall.
13. ‘Will to learn helps in remembering’ – explain.
Ans: Intention to learn and concentrate gives longer retention and better recall. Materials, learn without intention are difficult to be remembered for longer times. So it is said that will to learn is winning half the battle.
14. What is spaced method of learning?
Ans: In the ‘spaced’ method of memorisation a part of material is learnt. This method is very useful to learn a long and difficult material. In the unspaced method a material is learnt without any rest. Researches have shown that out of these method, the spaced method has been found to be more effective as the rest between learning refreshes the body and mind while the unspaced method tends to create fatigue.
15. “Organisation of material is a favourable condition of learning” discuss.
Ans: In general, the importance of the problem or the meaningfulness of objects is also as important to secure attention. Because, we pay attention to that which is of concern to us.
16. Mention two conditions which can improve retention.
Ans: There may be two types of retention:
(i) Short term memory.
(ii) Long term memory.
| C. QUESTIONS FOR 3 MARK EACH |
1. What is memory? Give a comprehensive definition of memory.
Ans: Memory is defined as the power of reproduction or recollection of past events. It is also defined as a special ability through which learning can be retained and reproduced if and when necessary. A witness giving evidence in a court is a typical example of memory. The witness recalls the past events he had witnessed and reproduce it before the judge. Modern psychologists maintain that memory is a three fold function of mind that involves learning, retaining and remembering.
According to Woodworth, “Memory consists in remembering what has previously been learned. It consists in learning, retaining and remembering what has previously been learned.” According to Stout, “Memory is the ideal revival of past experiences, as far as possible, in the manner and order in which they originally occurred.”
2. What is sensory memory?
Ans: Memory derived directly out of the sensory experience may be known as sensory memory. This type of memory involves five different types of our sensory experiences such as visual, auditory, tactual, olfactory and gustatory senses. It is possible to know and tell a thing after testing it, smelling it, hearing it or touching it. Very often we make use of visual and auditory senses in forming our memory images. So, the memory derived out of the five sense experiences may be known as sensory experiences. The little children very often make use of this type of sensory memory in their day today life.
3. What is the relationship between memory and image?
Ans: True memory involves images or mental pictures of past events. Image memory is regarded as a pure type of memory and is used widely by all.
4. Give psychological analysis of the following.
Ans: The rate of forgetting is more in day than night because during day time we attend to a number of things necessary or unnecessary. So remembering all is not possible. The day time is also fulled with hossels and tiredness comes which is opposite at night.
5. Explain the followings:
(i) Forgetting is a condition of memorization.
Ans: Forgetting is a condition of memorization: Forgetting is regarded as a condition of memory because retentive capacity which is so essential for memory is an inherited ability and hence it is limited. Forgetting helps mind to push necessary and old ideas into unconsciousness and thus make space to learn and retain new experiences.
(ii) Forgetting is a blessing.
Ans: Forgetting is a blessing: Forgetting though unwanted is essential because it indirectly helps in learning and acquiring experiences. Forgetting helps in removing unnecessary things from mind and make space to retain the essential one. Forgetting is necessary for memory as well as a person good mental health.
(iii) Forgetting is a defense mechanism
Ans: Forgetting is a defence mechanism: Frued the great psychoanalyst regarded forgetting as a very necessary condition for good mental health. According to him it is a defence mechanism of human mind. Because it helps to forget the sorrows and painful experiences of life and to lead a normal life with normal mental condition.
6. Explain how law of association helps in memorization.
Ans: The principle of association is very helpful in remembering and recall. Items should be made to connect learning with previous learning on one hand and with so many related things on the other. Sometimes special techniques and devices are to be used that facilitate learning and recall. For eg.-VIBGYOR has proved us an effective aid in remembering the colours of rainbow.
7. What are the different stages involve in memory process?
Ans: The different stages in the process of memory are –
(a) Learning or acquisition of experience: This is the first stage in the process of memory. Without learning or acquisition of knowledge the mind is like a white sheet of paper. Memory cannot occur without prior learning or acquisition of knowledge.
(b) Retention or Retaining: Whatever one learns, effort must be made to store their images in mind. Without this retaining function, nobody can have memory. The stored images of learning and experiences can be recalled whenever necessary. As it is inherited, the power of retention is limited and cannot be changed.
(c) Recall or Remembering: This is the third stage where images stored are brought back to the conscious part of the mind. Efforts are made to revive an reproduce past experiences in the present context without making any change of the images.
(d) Recognition: It is the fourth stage. Recognition is the act of mentally verifying the correctness or otherwise of the remembered factor.
8. What is memory training?
Ans: This is a highly debatable question. The experts are divided in their opinion on this question. Some believe that memory can be improved while others think that there is no way to improve memory.
William James believes that retentiveness is a physiological ability and hence unchangeable. It is the power of learning, not the power of retention, that is improved by practice.
Stout, on the other hand, argues that memory can be improved but only in special direction. By long practice the actors remember their parts well. The postman can remember the name and address of people because of special practise and training.
Although some holds the view that memory is hereditary and fixed at birth, through suitable method and practice memory can be improved. So the teacher should help the child make the best use of what little memory he has. It must also be remembered that the teacher must be able to arouse interest in the class. When the child finds the teaching interesting he pays more attention which helps in memorisation. Suitable method of teaching helps memorisation.
9. “There is no place for creativity in memory.”-explain.
Ans: “There is no place for creativity in memory.” – A person may have more memory power, but he may not be intellectually sound. A person of good memory can memorise the content only but if his inteligence is not so good than he cannot are the content in proper place.
10. Mention three factors which help in retention.
Ans: Learning, Retaining, Remembering.
11. Identify which types of memory seems to operate in the following cases-
(a) Playing a musical instrument.
Ans: Habit memory.
(b) Using a telephone number from telephone diary.
Ans: Rote memory.
(c) Writing dictation.
Ans: Immediate memory.
12. What is the opinion of stout regarding memory improvement?
Ans: Stout contends that memory can be improved, but only in special directions, by long practice the actors come to remember and recall their dialogue or part. But effects of practice are strictly confined to the special field and do not spread to other fields of work.
13. ‘We forget because we do not want to remember something’ – Discuss.
Ans: We forget because we don’t want to remember of someone because only those incidents or experience are remaied in our mind which are needed for us moreover inactive learning experiences and we don’t give importance on needless experiences.
14. “To remember well, we must forget great deal” -explain.
Ans: To remember well, it is necessary to forget unnecessary things If a person continues to remember unpleasant incidents and unnecessary things there is likelihood of his working capacity getting slack and weak.
15. Why closure is considered as a cause of forgetting?
Ans: When our learning is going on or half completed, then in our mind mental tention is also happening for the later part of learning. For which memory remains in active mood. But when our learning becomes and then our mind feels a tension free mood. As a result the impact of forgetting is seen.
16. ‘Nita has learnt a poem from her book, after learning second poem she forget the first one’- Give reason.
Ans: It is occured due to retroactive inhibition. If immediately after learning a lesson we barn a new lesson the new learning inhibits the retention of the previous learning.
17. We rate of forget more in day than night.
Ans: In our life both memory and forgetting are equally important. Forgetting is an important condition of memory. Memory depends upon forgetting. Forgetting helps mind to push necessary and old ideas into unconsciousness and thus made space to learn & retain new experiences.
In day time we can mixed up with the various peoples, situations, environment, etc conditions so, it is not possible to memorize the all things which are around as in day time. But night we can stay at home and relaxed our minds from the above conditions. That is why we rate of forget more in day then night.
| D. QUESTIONS FOR 4 MARK EACH |
1. Distinguish between:
(a) True memory and habit memory.
Ans: Following are the differences that exist between habit, memory and true memory. Habit can be described as an automatic behaviour. It takes place without thinking or volition.
On the other hand memory is the capacity to conserve the past experience. It means, it is the ideal revival of an object or event or experience.
True memory is a type of memory. It involves mental activity and it never depends on bodily mechanism.
(b) Recall and recognition.
Ans: The difference between recall and recognition are:
In recall an individual is to revive the past experience in mind purely on the basis of the images. Here the individual needs better mental ability of keeping images in mind. Recall may be described as reviving the past experiences in mind without any distortion. Hence, recall is comparatively a difficult form of remembering.
On the other hand recognition is an act of identification or verification of the given experiences on the basis of the past image. In recognising the objects are clearly present before the senses. The individual is to select, identify and verify the given object depending on his past images.
The difference between recall and recognition may be clearly understood with the following examples.
Test of Recall: Name the capital city of Assam.
Test of recognition: Underline the correct answer.
The capital city of Assam is Chandrapur, Sonitpur, Dispur.
(c) Immediate memory and prolonged memory.
Ans: The differences that exists between immediate memory and prolonged memory may be summarized as under:
(i) For immediate memory intensive study is necessary for a short period but for prolonged memory a long duration of study is required.
(ii) Immediate memory is not long lasting. Students hardly remember more than half after six months of their examination. But prolonger memory is everlasting.
(iii) Immediate memory has no permanent value but prolonged memory has permanent value.
(iv) Immediate memory is a good form of memory but prolonged memory is the best form of memory.
(d) Rote memory and logical memory.
Ans: Rote memory may be defined as a physical memory which involves verbal repetition of something in mouth. It does not require mental ability in the formation of image, thinking and reasoning.
On the other hand, logical memory may be defined as quite opposite to the rote memory. Here an individual is to exercise his power of reasoning, understanding and appreciation in order to remember something.
The brilliant students with superior mental ability usually make use of the logical type of memory. Again, students who are unable to exercise logical memory and understanding in the examination hall often make use of ro memory.
2. Write four characteristics of good memory.
Ans: Four characteristics of good memory are:
(i) Rapid Registration of learning.
(ii) Longer Retentive power.
(iii) Easy and Accurate Recall. and
(iv) Proper Recognition.
(i) Rapid Registration of Learning: Good memory facilitates learning and not much time is wasted. This involves aspects like concentration, attention, interest etc.
(ii) Longer Retentive Power: Another important mark of good memory is longer retention power. Good memory helps a person is retaining the learnt material for a longer time.
(iii) Easy and Accurate Recall: Easy and accurate recall is an effective characteristic of good memory. Some of the people cannot recall the right thing at the right moment. Good memory facilitates easy and accurate recall when a certain occasion demands it so.
(iv) Proper Recognition: Accurate recall must be accompanied by quick and proper recognition. A good memory helps in recalling the required details with ease, speed, accuracy and promptness.
3. Discuss about the factors involved in memory process.
Ans: The following are the major factors of memory:
(i) Registration: Registration of an experience or learning is the first factor of memory. First we learn. This learning leaves a record or impression on our mind. This recording of the event or learning is registration.
(ii) Retention: The second or next factor of memory is retention. This means anything learnt is retained in the mind. Retention is the resting state of impressions received by the mind. Retention is dependent upon several factors like frequency of impression or repetition of the event, recency and interest. If an event is repeated frequently its impression become deeper and is retained most. Similarly if an event has occurred recently its impressions remain fresh in our mind and the event is remembered well. With the passage of time the event is slowly forgotten.
The most important factor of retention is interest. We remember the things better in which we are interested.
(iii) Recall: The third factor of memory is recall. Recall is the reproduction of the past experience retained in the mind. Recall is the revival of past events. Recall may be denied as a learned response to stimulus. What one can recall depends upon his power of retention. Two other factors influence recall – the formation of associative links among ideas and experiences and the presence of the stimulus. Association of ideas depends upon three factors time of occurrence, similarly and contrast. If two events take place together or one after another, association (link) is formed between the two. When one event is recalled and other event is also recalled. Similar events are associated with each other and one easily reminds the other. If a man’s face is similar to another person’s one face reminds the other face. Again if the things are totally different (contrast), one reminds the other. The riches of America reminds the poverty of India.
Recall may be:
(i) Spontaneous in which we recall the past events without any effort.
(ii) Deliberate Recalls involve efforts to recall the past event.
The power to recall differs from individual to individual. Some people can easily recall past events. Some can recall with a little difficulty, some with great difficulty. Again some people can recall most what they see and some when they hear.
(iv) Recognition: Simply speaking, recognition is knowing the object again. It is the mental process of identifying or localising what is recalled. A person’s power of recognition is greater than his power of recall. We may recognise a person but fail to recall his name.
4. Describe four physical causes of forgetting.
Ans: Four physical causes of forgetting:
(a) Old age: Forgetting is generally more in senior people. Nervous system of the body along with the brain function generally decline due to age.
(b) Brain injury: The cerebrum region of human brain is primarily responsible for memory work. If that part is injured due to some accident or serve ailment, forgetting may occur.
(c) Tiredness or Fatigue: Working very hard continuously for a long time makes physically exhausted. As a result the nervous system including the brain becomes tired and weak. Such a situation induces forgetting.
(d) Lack of repetition: To keep in mind the process of an activity learnt by us its repetition is very essential. Otherwise forgetting may occur rapidly.
5. Explain the concept of associative memory with example.
Ans: It is a general tendency of mind to use association while remembering past experience and learning. We remember something in association with some other thing. Associative factors like sameness, difference and nearness are aid to remembering. There are three laws of association that operate in memory relating to these factors called the law of similarity, the law of contrast and the law of contiguity respectively.
Associative factor also helps the students in exercise of memory effectively in examination. The Daughter’s fare remands one of the mother owing to the law of similarity. The days of hardship reminds one of the days of glory owing to the law of contrast. Similarly, the name of Rama reminds one of the name of Label name owing to the law of contiguity.
6. Describe any two economical method of memorizing.
Ans: Any two economical method of memorization are:
(i) Interest: one needs to learn when mind is interested. Things can be readily remembered that have touched our mind. Interest is the primary condition of learning and remembering. In the absence of it learning appears to be a fruitful exercise.
(ii) Motive: Motive purpose or utility of learning should be clear in mind if maximum output of learning is to be derived. Aimless or imaginary learning gives the discouraging result. Motive gives incentive to learning and remembering.
7. “Recall is impossible without retention and retention is useless without recall.”-Discuss.
Ans: Retention is the ability or capacity of the mind to retain the facts learnt in the past. It is the function of brain. It is the storage of material brought up by learning. So retention depends on learning. Retention makes our experiences more efficient and clear.
Again coming to the consciousness the past experiences is called recall. Recall is learned response to a stimulus. This recall is based on retention, because it is on the basis of it that we are able to remember, old things what we will retained is easily recalled. There fore it is said that recall is impossible without retention and retention is useless without recall.
8. ‘Forgetting may be considered as a boon to us’.-Discuss.
Ans: Forgetting is the opposite direction of memory. Forgetting means failure to recall to mind an idea or group of idea. When an individual try to recall the past experiences, but is not able to bring it to his mind is forgetting we have to inable to recall or reproduce the past experiences from our mind due to forgetting. As a result or for it we have to loss facts, knowledge etc. from the mind. Therefore it is considered as a boon to us.
9. Explain how forgetting protect our mental health as a defence mechanism.
Ans: Forgetting refers to the failure or loss of information already stored in our brain. It is gradual, spontaneous and universal process in which we are unable to memories our past experiences from memory storage. Though this condition is unbearable ful for us yet from some other point of view we can Judged it as a defence mechanism. Because, we have to store new learning in our mind in our daily life. So for the storage of new learning we have to forget some unnecessary experience of our mind. Moreover our life circle we have to face some too sorrowful experience and it hits our mind. if it his hit is running continuously then it may stand as a hindrence in our life. In that situation also forgetting helpus to protect our mind. therefore forgetting protect our mental health as defence mechanism.
10. Distinguish between:
(a) Proactive inhibition and retroactive inhibition.
Ans: If one subject is learnt immediately after another subject the learning impression of the later one is inhibited by the previous one known as proactive inhibition. On the other hand when one subject is learnt immediately after another subject without any break, the learning impression or image of the previous one is inhibited by the later one known as retroactive inhibition.
(b) Short term memory and long term memory.
Ans: Short term memory relates to a situation in which any memorized element has to be recalled or expressed at once. This memory is also called immediate memory. For example, pupils studying just before the exams and then reproducing the learnt material, but only a part of it is remembered after a long period of time. Some special qualities live mental alertness, concentration, sharp receptivity of the sense organs and nervous system are required to develop and apply short term memory.
Prolonged memory is an ability to remember past retained experiences after a long lapse of time. It means one has learnt something in the past and reproduced it in the present after a long interval of time. It requires liveliness of mental image received and better capacity to retain in mind for a long period of time. Prolonged memory is also known as long term memory. For example if an adult can recall some events or experiences or incidents happened in his early life, he has long term memory.
11. What are the different stages involve in memory process?
Ans: The different stages involves in memory process are given below:
(i) Registration: This is the first stage in memory. Whenever somethings is heard, seen or learnt, its impression is registered in our mind in the form of memory traces.
(ii) Retention: Every experience leaves behind traces which are retained in the mind, first in short-term memory and than passed on to long-term memory.
(iii) Recall: Recall is the reproduction of the material learnt and retained in the mind. Recall may be spontaneous or deliberate.
(iv) Recognition: An experience must be recognised as the same which had been registered and retained.
12. “Nature of learning material is a condition of forgetting’. Discuss.
Ans: As learning occurs universally to all human beings, so also forgetting, occurs to all. There are certain theories which explain the occurrence of forgetting. One the theory of decay; it emphasizes that the impression created in the mind fade away after a period of time due to disuse. However there a certain activities like cycling, swimming etc. When a material is learnt, memorisation occurs keeping the whole situation in mind But when drastic changes are made in the learning situation, forgetting occurs.
13. Explain the concept of logical and rote memory with example.
Ans: Rote memory is verbal repetition of a learnt material mechanically, it is similar to habit memory and it is possible without understanding the learnt material, for example, learning the multiplication labels or a poem. But on the other hand, logical memory involves proper understanding of the material learnt. For example, when the content of a lesson is understood by a student, then he can retain it in his mind for a longer period and reproduce it, whenever required in future.
| D. QUESTIONS FOR 4 MARK EACH |
1. What is memory? Describe its mechanism.
Ans: Meaning of memory: Whatever is experienced by a person is preserved in the mind which is endowed with the power of preserving past experiences. This helps a person in remembering his past experiences. Memory is the power of recollection or reproduction of past events. Memory is a complex process involving several factors like learning or registration, retention, recall, recognition.
Characteristics of good memory: Psychologists have put forward the following marks of qualities of a good memory.
(i) Ability to learn quickly: For a good memory, it is necessary to learn a thing quickly. A child who is able to learn a thing quickly, is supposed to possess good memory.
(ii) Keeping a thing in mind for long: For a good memory, it is not necessary to learn a thing only but it is also necessary that it shall be retained for long. Some people have such a strong memory they can recollect and remember, as and when required, the ideas of infancy or childhood.
(iii) Quickness in recollections: If it is possible to learn quickly, retain it, but if it takes long to recall, as and when required, the memory shall not be called good. For a good memory, it is also necessary to recall it as an when required.
(iv) Forgetting unnecessary things: For a good memory it is necessary to forget unnecessary things. If a person continues to remember unpleasant incidents and unnecessary things there is likelihood of his working capacity getting slack and weak.
(v) Utility of usefulness: It is an essential mark of quality of good memory. If our memory is useful at a proper moment, then our memory shall be called useful and good. If we are able to reproduce answers correctly in the examination, then our memory shall be called good.
2. What is memory? Give a few definitions of memory.
Ans: Memory may be described as the power of reproduction or recollection of past events. It is the ability or faculty of remembering. Memory is a complex process involving several factors like hearing or registration, retention, recall and recognition.
Definition of Memory:
(i) Wood Worth regards memory as involving learning, retention, recall and recognition.
(ii) Spearman remarked about memory as ‘cognitive events by occurring establish disposition which facilate recurrence.’
The mind has the power to conserve past experiences or aftereffects of activity and reproduce them whenever needed. The capacity to conserve the past is known as ‘memory’.
According to James S. Ross – “A memory is a new experience determined by dispositions laid down by a previous experience. The relation between the two being clearly apprehended.”
According to W.M. Ryburn – “The power that we have to store experiences and bring them into the field of consciousness something after the experience have occured is turned memory’
According to William Mc Dougall – “In the strictest or narrowest sense memory or remembering implies imagining of events as experienced in the past.”
3. Define memory. What are the three things that are necessary for memory to occur.
Ans: Memory may be described as the power of reproduction or recollection of past events. It is the ability or faculty of remembering. Memory is a complex process involving several factors like hearing or registration, retention, recall and recognition.
Different factors of memory: Following are the factors of memory-
(i) Registration: Registration is the impression of experiences. The experiences must be imprinted on the mind to remember.
(ii) Retention: It means what is learnt or experienced is retained or kept in the mind. It depends upon frequency, recency and interest. If the experience is repeated frequently we remember well or in other words; we remember well.
(iii) Recall: Recall is the reproduction of the past experience. Recall is of two types- spontaneous and deliberate.
(iv) Recognition: Recognition is the mental procession power of identifying what is recalled. A person’s power of recognition is greater than his power of recall.
4. Mention some characteristics of memory.
Ans: Characteristics of good memory: Psychologists have put forward the following marks of qualities of a good memory.
(i) Ability to learn quickly: For a good memory, it is necessary to learn a thing quickly. A child who is able to learn a thing quickly, is supposed to possess good memory.
(ii) Keeping a thing in mind for long: For a good memory, it is not necessary to learn a thing only but it is also necessary that it shall be retained for long. Some people have such a strong memory that they can recollect and remember, as and when required, the ideas of infancy or childhood.
(iii) Quickness in recollections: If it is possible to learn quickly, retain it, but if it takes long to recall, as and when required, the memory shall not be called good. For a good memory, it is also necessary to recall it as an when required.
(iv) Forgetting unnecessary things: For a good memory it is necessary to forget unnecessary things. If a person continues to remember unpleasant incidents and unnecessary things there is likelihood of his working capacity getting slack and weak.
(v) Utility of usefulness: It is an essential mark of quality of good memory. If our memory is useful at a proper moment, then our memory shall be called useful and good. If we are able to reproduce answers correctly in the examination, then our memory shall be called good.
5. What are the markes of good memory?
Ans: Success of education largely depends on the right use of memory. It is necessary to adopt good and useful process to remember the things learnt in the class. For a good memory the following factors can be great help.
(i) Interest: Interest plays a vital role in remembering things. If we have interest in certain things the memory of those things become vivid and lasts long.
(iii) Rhythm: Rhythmic recitation of poems, good tune of songs interest us and help our memory. This results in good memory. We can easily remember good poems and songs because of rhythm.
(iii) Repetition: If we repeat what we learn we can remember it better. So repetition is essential for good memory.
(iv) Suitable Method: The teacher should use suitable method of teaching to improve memory of children.
(v) Rest: Some amount of rest is necessary for good memory. If we load our brain with many things without any rest then memorising becomes difficult.
(vi) Space or gap: There should be some gap between learning things. If we go on learning one thing after another we become confused, which makes memorising difficult.
(vii) Vividness of impression: If the original impression is vivid or clear it is retained for a long time.
(viii) Motivation: We must have the will to remember.
(ix) Good environment: People can remember better in a good environment.
(x) Good health: A sound mind in a sound body can remember better.
6. What is Recall? Describe some Psychological factors related with recall.
Ans: Recall is nothing but the mental revival of past events. Recall depends upon retention and the formation of association or bonds between different impressions and ideas. Recall is of two types:
(i) Spontaneous Recall. and
(ii) Deliberate Recall.
In spontaneous recall the impression comes to our mind spontaneously i.e. without any effort. But in Deliberate Recall, will is needed to bring back some impression to the conscious level of mind.
Here the individual needs better ability of keeping image in mind called retentiveness. If the power of retaining is more, the image may be kept alive and active in mind. Weakness of this power results in fading out of the image from mind. It is a difficult form of remembering which involves keeping and reviving the image of the post.
7. What is forgetting? Mention its characteristics.
Ans: Forgetting may be described as inability to remember something To be more precise forgetting is the failure of the individual to revive in consciousness the impressions of the past experiences without the help of the original stimulus. If an individual fails to revive the image of learning in mind, forgetting may take place.
Characteristics of forgetting:
(i) Forgetting is an inability of our mind to keep the image of experience in it.
(ii) Forgetting acts as a defence mechanism of mind.
(iii) Forgetting is described as an essential condition of our learning and remembering.
8. Explain how memory can be improved.
Ans: This is a highly debatable question. The experts are divided in their opinion on this question. Some believe that memory can be improved while others think that there is no way to improve memory.
William James believes that retentiveness is a physiological ability and hence unchangeagle. It is the power of learning, not the power of retention, that is improved by practice.
Stout, on the other hand, argues that memory can be improved but only in special direction. By long practice the actors remember their parts well. The postman can remember the name and address of people because of special practise and training.
Although some holds the view that memory is hereditary and fixed at birth, through suitable method and practice memory can be improved. So the teacher should help the child make the best use of what little memory he has. It must also be remembered that the teacher must be able to arouse interest in the class. When the child finds the teaching interesting he pays more attention which helps in memorisation. Suitable method of teaching helps memorisation.
9. Write five important causes of forgetting.
Ans: Some of the major causes of forgetting may be described as follows:
(i) Lapse of time: The impressions left by experiences in our nervous system gradually disappear in course of time. Ebbinghaus was the pioneer of the experiments on the subject of forgetting due to the lapse of time.
(ii) Lack of interest: Lack of interest is an important cause of forgetting as it prevents subsequent recall. So, the teacher should try to create interest in the class.
(iii) Old age: A general physical cause of forgetting may be attributed to the old age of an individual. An old man may experience general nervous weakness and physical inactivity for which he fails to keep the image of experience in mind.
(iv) Overlearning: According to Ebbinghaus overlearning beyond a certain point may cause-inattention, boredom and fatigue which may again cause forgetting in some cases.
(v) Retroactive inhibition: If immediately after learning a lesson we learn a new lesson the new learning inhibits the retention of the previous learning.
(vi) Fatigue: Physical and mental fatigue is a common cause of forgetting. Fatigue brings about nervous weakness and muscular inactivity for which image of experience could not be kept alive in mind.
(vii) Closure: Closure of an activity may also cause forgetting Whenever an activity is continued there is tension in the mind. But if it is closed the tension is reduced and gradually the mind forgets about it.
(viii) Emotional blocking: Too severity of emotion may stand as a blockade in our mind, that disturbs normal functions of memory. Emotion like fear, anger and disgust in an individual may result in blocking of the memory experiences.
10. Discuss about different types of memory.
Ans: Psychologists have recognised six types of memory.
These are described below:
(i) Immediate memory: Immediate memory is the power to reproduce the impression immediately. It helps us to retain the impressions of knowledge or experience for a very short time. Writing dictation falls under this category. We listen to what is dictated to us, then we write down. This type of memory is called immediate memory, because we reproduce immediately.
(ii) Permanent memory: Permanent memory involves the retention of impression for a pretty long time and depends upon the formation of mental disposition. We can reproduce the impression after a long time in permanent memory in this type of memory. There is a long duration between learning and its reproduction. A dancer learns his or her lessons of dancing. The cancer can perform the dance after a long time. It means that if we can remember the things that we had learnt or seen even after a very long time then it is called permanent memory. The children have the ability of prolonged retetion.
(iii) Desultory memory: This kind of memory involves the remembrance of a great number of facts. Some people can remember a great number of facts by reading newspapers, magazines, history, novels etc. This kind of memory falls under desultory memory.
(iv) Logical memory: This kind of memory involves the ability to conserve meaningful facts and impressions. It requires understanding and intelligence. Doing mathematical sums involves intelligence and power of understanding. If falls under Logical Memory.
(v) Rate memory: It is capacity to reproduce past experiences mechanically without any deliberate effort. This kind of memory largely depends on habit and so it is called habit memory also. Examples are furnished by car driving, bicycling, type writing etc. Here by doing the same thing over and again the learner does it habitually in the long run. It does not involve mental power.
(vi) Special memory: The power of retention of special facts, numbers, date etc. is called special memory. Some persons like telephone operator can easily remember telephone numbers, others fact of history, dates etc. These are called special memories.
It is now seen that we have different kinds of memory. Memory depends on interest. If we have interest in certain things we remember them easily. If we are interested in cricket we remember the names of great cricketers their scores etc.
11. Can memory be improved by practice? Discuss.
Ans: Can memory be improved by practice: Everyone is vitally interested in the question whether memory can be improved by practice or not.
Stout contends that memory can be improved, but only in special directions. By long practice the actors come to remember and recall their part. But effects of practice are strictly confined to the special field and do not spread to other fields of work.
According to James retentiveness is a physiological ability, so it cannot be improved by practice.
Learning is a factor of memory. So, improvement of learning of recording facts indirectly help memorisation.
William McDougall had maintained that memory can be improved by practice. He had given his views on the basis of the result of his memory experiment.
From the above consideration it may be maintained that general improvement of memory ability or power of retaining is not possible through training, although certain favourable conditions help individual in making effective use of his memory.
12. Discuss about different methods for memory training.
Ans: This is a highly debatable question. The experts are divided in their opinion on this question. Some believe that memory can be improved while others think that there is no way to improve memory.
William James believes that retentiveness is a physiological ability and hence unchangeable. It is the power of learning, not the power of retention, that is improved by practice.
Stout, on the other hand, argues that memory can be improved but only in special direction. By long practice the actors remember their parts well. The postman can remember the name and address of people because of special practise and training.
Although some holds the view that memory is hereditary and fixed at birth, through suitable method and practice memory can be improved. So the teacher should help the child make the best use of what little memory he has. It must also be remembered that the teacher must be able to arouse interest in the class. When the child finds the teaching interesting he pays more attention which helps in memorisation. Suitable method of teaching helps memorisation.
13. Can there be good or bad memory? Justify your answer.
Ans: Memory plays a very significant role in one’s life. Hence everybody wants to have a good memory. But that doesn’t happen. Power of remembering varies from person to person. Some have very good memory and some have weak memory.
All people do not have equal ability to exercise memory. Following are certain distinguishing characteristics of good memory.
(i) Ease and rapidity of learning: A man of good memory can learn an acquire anything easily. He does not have any difficulty in learning which he wants to remember.
(ii) Permanence of retention: Long duration of retention is a distinguishing mark of good memory. Ability of retention helps an individual to keep his learning impression in mind for a long period of time.
(iii) Promptness and accuracy of reproduction: A man of good memory can reproduce anything immediately without any effort.
(iv) Serviceability: Good memory of a person finds expression through serviceability. Serviceability of our past experiences alone can help us to make effective use of memory.
14. Discuss about different economic methods of memorization.
Ans: The different economic methods of memorization are:
(a) Intention to reproduce: The willingness of children to reproduce something learned improves the capacity for their memory.
(b) Suitable method: The teacher should select the most suitable method of memorisation in the class.
(c) Interest: Interest is an important factor of good memory. So the teacher should try to create interest among the students.
(d) Rhythmic learning: Rhythmic learning helps rote memory. Correct recitation gives us pleasure to recall the learned material.
(e) Special practice: For better memorisation practice period should be properly distributed and spaced.
15. Supposing yourself as a school teacher, how would you help a child to develop good memory?
Ans: Memory can be improved through two channels:
(a) Favourable conditions which improve remembering.
(b) Improved methods which enhance memory.
(a) Favourable conditions which improve remembering:
(i) Will to learn: Intention to learn and concentration gives longer retention and better recall.
(ii) Interest: Interest is an essential condition for effective learning and memorizations.
(iii) Motivation: Motivation facilitates learning and enhances memory.
(iv) Principle of association: The principle of association is very helpful in remembering and recall sometimes special techniques and devices are to be used that facilitate learning and recall eg. VIBGYOR.
(v) Rhythm: Rhythm is an aid to memory. Rhythmic materials can easily stimulate mind to keep its impression lively.
(vi) Meaningfulness of material: Meaningfulness of materials is important in effective, learning and longer retention.
(vii) Rest: Rest is essential psycho-physical condition of learning and remembering. It can remove fatigue and boredom.
(b) Improved methods:
(i) Recitation: It is an important techniques to affect economy in memory. It means speaking and reciting to oneself.
(ii) Whole method: It is more economical for memory. Learning part by part makes the impression fragmentary and short lived.
(iii) Spaced learning: It is psychologically sound to reasonably spaces the learning time by giving some intervals.
(iv) Learning by doing: Learning by doing on active learning is obviously superior to passive learning. Active learning makes learning impression alive and active in mind for long.
(v) Repetition and practice: Repetition on practice strengthens the bond in learning to keep its impression for long. It reutilises the image for which forgetting cannot have its impact on memory.
16. Explain the term interference. How does it affect forgetting?
Ans: Interference is a psychological condition experienced by everybody. In the opinion of S.S. Chauhan, “Retroactive inhibition means that something works backward to block something else,:” This kind of mental blocking happens when two different subjects are learnt without providing any time gap thus if one subject is learnt, immediately after learning another, a kind of mental blocking develops. When the person tries to remember the first experience, the second experience creates a shadow and become like an obstacle in recollection of the first. Thus retroactive inhibition is an important cause of forgetting.
Suggestion to overcome forgetting:
(i) Change of environment is a reliable means to remove forgetting. In the new environment one may adjust his mental power with the surrounding things and may recollect many things.
(ii) Lack of interest is one of the vital causes of forgetting. Parents and teachers should try to create interest in students in various subjects.
(iii) Use of medicine, regular exercises and Yogasana go a long way in overcoming forgetfulness.
Part II Attention and interest
| A. QUESTIONS FOR 1 MARK EACH |
(a) Fill in the gaps:
1. Attention is ____________ side of interest.
Ans: Objective.
2. Interest is ____________ attention and attention is ____________ interest.
Ans: Latent, interest.
3. ____________ is the mental readiness.
Ans: Attention.
4. Attention is a mental process, while interest is mental ____________.
Ans: Condition.
5. Attention paid to thought and ideas is called ____________.
Ans: Ideotional.
6. Attention is concentration of ____________ upon an object.
Ans: Mind.
7. Interest originating from instinct is called ____________ interest.
Ans: Ennate.
8. Attention paid without any outside interference or force is known as ____________.
Ans: Voluntary.
9. Attention paid due to the attractive capacity of the stimulus is known as ____________.
Ans: Invaluntary.
10. An adolescent interest on opposite sex is ____________ interest.
Ans: Innate.
11. A mother’s love for her child in ____________ interest.
Ans: Innate.
12. Our interest in morning news paper is ____________ interest.
Ans: Tansitory or temporary.
13. Intensity of an object is a ____________ condition of attention.
Ans: Objective.
14. “Interest is Latent attention and attention is interest in action” ____________ this statement was given by ____________.
Ans: Mc Dougall.
15. “An interest is a disposition in its dynamic aspect”. It is said by ____________.
Ans: Games Dreven.
16. Duration, intensity, Movement etc. are ____________ condition of attention.
Ans: External.
17. “An interest is a disposition in its dynamic aspect” Who said this?
Ans: Draver.
18. “Interest is latent attention and attention is interest in action”- this statement was given by ____________.
Ans: Mc. Dougall.
19. Attention paid at the time of examination is type of ____________ attention.
Ans: Voluntary.
20. Mother’s attention towards her crying child ____________ attention.
Ans: Immediate.
21. Paying attention to a loud sound is example of ____________ attention.
Ans: Sensory.
22. The word interest is originated from a Latin word which means ____________.
Ans: ‘It matters’ or Concerns with something.
23. According to ____________ of interest is “a disposition on its dynamic aspect.”
Ans: Draver.
24. According to ____________ A thing that interests us is just something that concerns us or matters to us.
Ans: J.S. Ross.
25. Adolescent interest on opposite sex is example of ____________ interest.
Ans: Innate.
26. Our interest in the morning news paper is an example of ____________ interest.
Ans: Transitory.
27. Newness is a ____________ condition of attention.
Ans: important.
28. Reward is a ____________ condition of attention.
Ans: objective.
29. Intensity and movement are ____________ condition of learning.
Ans: objective.
30. Ross classify attention as volitional and ____________.
Ans: non-volitional.
31. “An interest is a disposition in its dynamic aspect” – this statement was given by ____________.
Ans: Drever.
32. The Latin root of the word ‘Interest’ means ____________.
Ans: ‘It matters’ or it concerns.
33. Attention depends upon the personal thought and ideas is known as ____________ attention.
Ans: ideational.
34. Attention of a scientist is ____________ type of attention.
Ans: ideational.
(b) Write whether the following statements are true or false.
35. Attention is a process of getting an object of thought clearly before the mind.
Ans: True.
36. Interest is a metal function while interest is a mental structure.
Ans: True.
37. Attention and consciousness mean the same thing.
Ans: True.
38. Attention which needs no effort of will to sustain is called non-volitional attention.
Ans: True.
39. Children attention is non-volitional in nature.
Ans: True.
40. We can attend more than one thing at a time.
Ans: Flase.
41. Little children can not pay voluntary attention.
Ans: Flase.
42. Distraction always disturbs attention.
Ans: True.
43. Inattentiveness implies absence of attention.
Ans: True.
44. Repetition increase interest.
Ans: True.
45. Interest creates attention but attention cannot create interest.
Ans: True.
46. It is not possible to be completely inattentive in our waking state.
Ans: True.
47. Attention is a mental process.
Ans: True.
48. Mental health is a condition of attention.
Ans: True.
49. Contrast is a objective condition of attention.
Ans: True.
50. Emotions have no impact on our attention.
Ans: False.
51. Interest is a dynamic mental process.
Ans: True.
52. Internal factors of attention are subjective.
Ans: True.
53. Attention is a purposive activity.
Ans: True.
54. Interest is independent of social influences.
Ans: False.
55. Interests are static mental structure.
Ans: False.
56. Interest is always inborn qualities.
Ans: False.
57. One can not pay attention on the same thing for long duration.
Ans: True.
58. Acquired interests are universal in nature.
Ans: False.
59. We can not attend two things at a time.
Ans: True.
60. Interest may be temporary or permanent.
Ans: True.
61. “Interest is latent attention and attention is interest in action”- this statement was given by ____________.
Ans: True.
62. Inattention does not mean absence of attention.
Ans: True.
63. Attention accompanies motor Adjustment.
Ans: True.
64. Attention is a selective process.
Ans: True.
65. Attention is natural and instinctive?
Ans: True.
66. Attention is the precondition of Interest.
Ans: True.
67. Interest is not an inborn quality.
Ans: False.
68. Interests are fixed.
Ans: False.
69. Interest is latent attention; attention is interest in action.
Ans: True.
70. Intelligence is not a source of interest.
Ans: False.
71. Object of interest always causes satisfaction.
Ans: True.
(c) Give short Answer (preferably in one sentence):
72. Mention any one subjective factor of attention.
Ans: Instincts.
73. “Attention and interest are two side of the same coin” – Who gave this statement.
Ans: J. S. Ross.
74. What are the two types of voluntary attention?
Ans: Explicit voluntary, Implicit voluntary.
75. What is the meaning of the Latin origin of the word ‘interest’?
Ans: It matters or it concerns.
76. “Interest is latent attention and attention in interest in action”- Who gave this statement.
Ans: Mc Dougall.
77. ‘Attention is a process of getting an object of thought clearly before the mind’- who gave this statement?
Ans: J. S. Ross.
78. “To attend is in short to get set and ready to perceive a certain object or to perform a certain act.” who gave this definition of attention?
Ans: Woodworth and Marquise.
79. What is oscillation of attention?
Ans: When attention moves from one subject to another subject than it is called oscillation of attention. Attention is dynamic. Therefore we can not give attention for a long time on a certain things or object.
80. What do you mean by span of attention?
Ans: In a certain period of time people can give their attention on limited number of things. This limitation of attention is called span of attention.
81. A hungry man pays attention to food’. -Give reason.
Ans: Due to the instinct of biological needs a hungry man pays attention to food.
82. A loud noie, a sparking light and deep-colour attracts our attention at once’- Mention the Cause.
Ans: These are external factor of attention. And loud noise, sparking light and deep colour impact our sense organs and creat a tendency to pay attention.
83. ‘Size is a condition of attention’- Give an example.
Ans: A teacher can write boldly on the black board and draw bold figures in order to draw attention of the students.
84. ‘We attend to a small stain on a white wall’- why?
Ans: It is happend due to the contrast. As we know that contrast is an external caure of attention. In a white wall small stain creats a contrast. Therefore we attend to a small stain on white wall.
85. Give an example of spontaneous attention.
Ans: The attention of a players on play is an example of spontaneous attention.
86. ‘Age is a factor of interest.’ – Discuss.
Ans: Interest differ with age and every age has its own pattern of interest. Different age group of children has its own pattern of interests.
87. Give an example of permanent interest.
Ans: Interest of a business man towards his profession is the example of permanent interest.
| B. QUESTIONS FOR 2 MARK EACH |
1. What is insterest?
Ans: Interest means ‘it matters to us.’ When we say that a person is interested in music, we mean that music matters to him. We have instinct and sentiments which are the two sources of interest. All of us are instinctively interested in our self-preservation. The birds are interested in nests, the infants in bright objects, the grown-up children in games.
Similarly, sentiments are also the sources of interest. When we say that a person is interested in swimming, we mean that he had developed a sentiment for swimming.
2. Mention two characteristics of interest.
Ans: Two Characteristics of interest are:
(i) Interest is that innate state of mind which inspires are act from within.
(ii) Every one of us is blessed with feelings and interest generally originate from them.
3. What is temporary interest?
Ans: Tansitory or temporary interest lasts only for a short time. This type of interest is motivated by some temporary external force at a particular point of time. It is situational in nature.
4. Write two objective conditions of attention.
Ans: One of the conditions of attention is objective condition. Following are the objective conditions of attention.
(a) Intensity of stimulus: Loud sounds and bright lights naturally attract one’s attention.
(b) Change: Sudden changes of the stimulus make us curious and attentive.
5. What is acquired interest?
Ans: Acquired interests are due to acquired disposition like sentiments, habits, character idias and tastes. These are results of training and education received in environment. An acquired interest is the interest which is deliberately derived by a person.
6. What is attention?
Ans: Attention is generally defined as the ‘focussing and consciousness on an idea or object of thought’. Attention is always present in our conscious life. In every moment of our waking life we are attending to something. The process of attention helps us to understand ideas and objects clearly.
7. What is spontaneous attention?
Ans: Spontaneoues non-volitional attention is sustained by the acquired sentiment of individual towards something. Here attention remains pasive but acts spontaneously due to interest already formed in mind eg. attention paid towards a beautiful piece of music.
8. Write the name of two distractors of attention.
Ans: Two distractors of attention are:
(a) size.
(b) Intensity.
9. What are the objective conditions of attention?
Ans: One of the conditions of attention is objective condition. Following are the objective conditions of attention.
(a) Intensity of stimulus: Loud sounds and bright lights naturally attract one’s attention.
(b) Change: Sudden changes of the stimulus make us curious and attentive.
(c) Novelty: New objects attract attention more rapidly.
(d) Movement: Moving things attracts our attention easily.
(e) Clearness of outline: If a thing appears clearly before our eyes it naturally attracts our attention.
10. Mention two environmental factors of interest.
Ans: (i) Educational environment.
(ii) If the environment is less stimulating to children.
11. Why attention is considered as a selective activity of mind.
Ans: There are many things in and around us. But attention is not paid to all these things at a time. Different objects of the environment affect on us as stimulus and consequently we become generally aware of them. Out of many things that stimulate us one particular object or subject is selected and conscious mind is focused or connected on it. This is known as attention. Thus in the mental process called attention a particular object or subject of the environment is selected and conscious is focused on.
12. What is fluctuation of attention?
Ans: Attention constantly fluctuates and shifts from one object to another.
There are two types of fluctuations:
(i) fluctuation of amplitude. and
(ii) fluctuation of periodicity.
13. What do you mean by oscillation of attention?
Ans: When attention keep shifting from one object to another it is called fluctuation of attention. Attention is mobile. So we cannot focus on one thing or object continiously.
14. What is span of attention?
Ans: Attention may be described as focussing of our conscious mind at a definite object. Attention of person towards anything has its limitations. One cannot attend to too many things when presented immediately. There is a certain limit to which one may attend something when presented. Psychologists have undertaken experiments with individual on the span of attention by using the apparatus called tachistoscope. From such experiment it was found that usually an individual contained to six points as six dots presented in the apparatus. Such a limit is known as span of attention.
15. What is transitory interest?
Ans: Tansitory or temporary interest last only for a short time. This type of interest is motivated by some temporary external force at a particular point of time. It is situational in nature.
16. ‘Attention is a selective process’- Discuss.
Ans: Attention is essentially a selective activity of the mind. It represents a selection out of certain aspects of the observable environment. It is focussing of consciousness, on an idea, object, or thought. Attention is a process of getting an object of thought clearly before the mind. Therefore, in order to have the sensible clearness of any object, our mind selects only one object at a time.
17. Why attention is considered as an exploratory process.
Ans: Attention is considered as exploratory process. Our mind gives importance on each new things and want to know all about the new things on the basis of it mind selects the area or subject for attention.
18. ‘Attention involves positive and negative aspects’-explain.
Ans: Attention involves positive and negative aspects. To explain it we can mention its positive and negative aspects separtely.
Positive aspects:
(i) Attention is an act of focusing or concentrating our consciousness an a particular object or idea of the environment.
(ii) Attention is a mental activity.
Negative aspects:
(i) Attention is dynamic.
(ii) Attention is selective.
(iii) At particular span of time we can attend to a very limited objects or idea.
19. What is ideational attention?
Ans: When we concentrate in an idea or thought it is called ideation attention. It is not dependent upon sensory organs we can pay attention even in the absence of the stimulus, as in the case of a film seen before we can concentrate on the ideas or the film which we witnessed before.
20. ‘Volitional attention may create interest’. Give an example.
Ans: An example of volitional adduction may create interest is a student attends to his studies of his own account and not as a result of any external pressure, his attention will be called volitional attention.
21. ‘Attention is always shifting.’ Discuss.
Ans: Though we generally attend to one thing at a time, our attention is always shifting from one object to the other. This has been proved by experimentation that our attention to any one object cannot last for more than a few seconds.
22. Explain attention as a process of mental alertness.
Ans: Attention involves all aspects of mental life – Cognitive, Affective and Conative.
| C. QUESTIONS FOR 3 MARK EACH |
1. Explain the positive and negative aspects of attention with example.
Ans: Merits:
(i) Attention is an act of focusing or concentrating our consciousness on a particular object or idea of the environment.
(ii) Attention is a mental activity.
Demerits:
(i) Attention is mobile/dynamic.
(ii) Attention is selective.
(iii) At particular span of time we can attend to a very limited objects or idea.
2. Why interest is called latent attention. Explain.
Ans: McDougall finds close relationship between attention and interest. We cannot attend to a thing if we do not have interest in it. On the other hand, we attend to it because we have interest in it. Where there is interest there is attention. Without interest attention is not consolidated.
Because of the close relationship between these two, psychologists seek to create interest to draw attention. It is obvious that a successful teacher keeps the attention of his students by creating it in his subjects. It is for this reason curriculum is formed in such a way as to create interest.
3. What is volitional attention? Give example.
Ans: When we attend to a thing or object with mental effort it is called voluntary attention. It does not come naturally out of interest. One has to make serious efforts or have a strong will to attend to something. A boy has a subject like anthropology which he does not like to study. But he has to make serious efforts to pay attention to this subject in order to pass. This is called voluntary attention.
4. Explain with example the nature of analytical attention.
Ans: When while paying attention every aspect of the object or idea observed minutely it is called analytical attention. Instead of looking at the object of attention as a whole in analytic type, attention is focused on the details of an object.
For eg-While buying a dress if we pay attention to all the aspects the price, the quality of the material and the desing etc. is the case and analytic attention.
5. What is sensory attention?
Ans: When attention is paid due to stimulation of the sense organs, it is termed as sensory attention. This type of attention is dependent upon three conditions – the attractive capacity of the stimulant or object of attention, alertness and sensual qualities of the five sense organs and readiness of the brain to act.
6. Give three examples of ideational attention.
Ans: Examples:
(a) When an individual becomes mentally engrossed in something one may even become unconcerned of what is going in and around him.
(b) When poets are composing any work he is unaware of his present surroundings.
(c) When scientists are working or some projects he is unaware of his surroundings.
7. Discuss attention as a process of focussing consciousness.
Ans: Attention is the selective act of consciousness. To pay attention it is necessary to have mental activity. Unless the mind is active, it is not possible to focus attention on it. In order to focus attention on a particular object, the mind has to aquire and own the attitude of prepareness.
8. “Attention is always shifting” -explain.
Ans: Though we generally attend to one thing at a time our attention is always shifting from one subject to other. It has been proved by experimentation that our attention to any one subject cannot last for more than a few seconds. Thus the general rule of attention is limited to one thing at a time, and shifts from one object to another in rapid succession.
9. Give an example of derived attention.
Ans: The daughter of minister can draw attention from the public because she is known to all as the daughter of minister not as a common girl. It is the example of derived attention.
10. ‘A sleeping mother who is not disturbed by aloud noise outside, pays attention to even a faint cry of her sick child.’ What is the reason?
Ans: The cause of it is instinct. Instinct determines our attention internally. The attention of mother to her child is occured due to instinct. Therefore a sleeping mother who is not disturbed by a loud noise outside, pays attention to even a faint cry of her sick child.
11. ‘Interest resists fatigue’. – Explain.
Ans: There is an intimate relationship between interest and attention. Without interest it is very difficult to pay attention because interest is one of the most stimulating condition of securing and capturing attention. Without interest we cannot pay attention in the fulfilment of the instinctive needs. We attend to those objects or experiences to which we are interested. If we have no interest to the objects then fatigue in there. That is why it is rightly remarked that interest resists fatigue.
| D. QUESTIONS FOR 4 MARK EACH |
1. Volitional and non volitional interest.
Ans: When we attend to a thing or object with mental effort it is called voluntary attention. It does not come naturally out of interest. One has to make serious efforts or have a strong will to attend to something. A boy has a subject like anthropology which he does not like to study. But he has to make serious efforts to pay attention to this subject in order to pass. This is called voluntary attention.
Involuntary attention comes spontaneously without any effort. If we are interested in a thing, there is no need for effort to pay attention to it. Attention comes automatically in this case. If we hear a melodious song of Lata Mongeskhkar, we at once pay attention to it without the least effort. This is called involuntary attention.
2. Sensory attention and Ideational attention.
Ans: When attention is paid due to stimulation of the sense organs, it is termed as sensory attention. This type of attention is dependent upon three conditions the attractive capacity of the stimulant or object of attention, alertness and sensual qualities of the five sense organs and readiness of the brain to act.
When we concentrate in an idea or thought it is called ideational attention. It is not dependent upon sensory organs. We can pay attention even in the absence of the stimulus, as in the case of a film seen before. We can concentrate on the ideas or the film which we witnessed before.
3. Explicit and implicit attention.
Ans: Explicit and implicit attention: Explicit voluntary attention is paid clearly and definitely, due to the demand of the situation. In this type external condition of the environment forces on individual to pay attention. Thus voluntary attention that is paid immediate due to the attractive capacity of the stimulus is known as explicit voluntary attention.
Implicit voluntary attention comes from within and not creation by external factors. When one is deeply involved with something his attention naturally develops from within towards that object. Mental maturity, a high level of intelligence, mental determination etc are essential for paying this type of attention.
4. Enforced and spontaneous attention.
Ans: Enforce and spontaneous attention.
In case of enforced non-voluntary attention the person is forced to pay attention due to the very strong and influential nature of the stimulant.
eg. -We are forced to pay attention if some body shouts very loudly. Spontaneoues non-volitional attention is sustained by the acquired sentiment of individual towards something. Here attention remains pasive but acts spontaneously due to interest already formed in mind eg. attention paid towards a beautiful piece of music.
5. Discuss about the relationship between attention and interest.
Ans: There is significant relationship between attention and interest. Attention may be described as concentration of our conscious mind at a particular object or idea of thought in the environment. Attention is an active state of mind which invovles organisation, concentration and selection of the objects in environment. A particular thing, person, sound etc., attracts our attention. We focus our attention on a particular thing or idea.
Interest on the other hand is an innate and instinctive state of mind which remains dormant in the individual Mcdougall has pointed out that ‘interest is the latent state of our attention. So, the basic cause of our attention is that of interest.’
We do not pay attention to anything that does not interest us. Interest impels us to attention. According to Mcdougall, ‘interest is latent attention and attention is interest in action.’ In the absence of interest, one is not able to attend. Interest is the course of attention no doubt, but it should be noted that attention may also be the cause of interest in individual mind. A man may not have interest in mind, but due to voluntary attention, the object at last appears as interesting to him.
So, from the above discussion it is evident that there is a close relationship between interest and attention. Both are dependent on each other. Ross has pointed out that attention and interest are like the two sides of the same coin. So, we may say that interest helps to create attention. Where there is interest, there is attention. Similarly, where there is attention, there is interest.
6. Write about disractors of attention.
Ans: Distraction is defined as any stimulus which interferes with the process of attention. On many occasions we became unable to pay our attention to some object or situation, no mater how much effort we have made for it. It is because of the disturbance caused by the outside factors in our attention which is called distration.
Lack of interest towards something may be the cause of distraction. Mental fatigue and physical weakness are also the cause of distraction which can break our attention. On the other hand, lack of stability of mind, lack of newness and unhygenic enviroment can cause distraction in our mind This distraction can be removed by actively involving in our work. If we disregard distraction and accept it as a part of our work, then we can easily overcome the influence of distraction.
7. Explain what you mean by fluctuation of attention.
Ans: Attention constantly fluctuates and shifts from one object to another.
There are two types of fluctuations:
(i) fluctuation of amplitude. and
(ii) fluctuation of periodicity.
8. ‘Attention and interest are two sides of a same coin’ – explain.
Ans. There is a significant relationship between attention and interest Attention may be described as concentrations of our conscious mind at a particulars object or idea of thought in the environment. Attention is an active state of mind, which involves organisation, concentration and selection of the objects in environment. A particular thing, person, sound etc. attract our attention.
Interest is a subjective condition of attention. It refers to the motivating force that impels us to attend to an individual, a thing or an activity or it may be the affective experience that has been stimulated by the activity itself.
Attention and interest go side by side. There is a very close connection between the two. In the absence of interest it is difficult to pay attention. So, the major cause of our attention is interest. We attend to a thing in which we are interested. So interest has to be created in the things to which we want someone to pay attention.
According to Mc Dougall, “Interest is latent attention and attention is interest in action.” This implies that attention is the active state and such a state is due to the innate interest already there is mind. Interest is, thus, the essential condition of our attention.
Attention follows interest, but the converse is also true. When we pay attention to something we develop interest in that. Attention and interest is an organized disposition in the structure. According to Stout, “Attention is interest determining cognitive process.” This implies that interest is the cause of attention.
Keeping in view of this reciprocal relationship between attention and interest, Ross has rightly remarked, “They are merely different ways of looking at something, like the two sides of a coin.”
9. Attention and interest are means and ends in education discuss it.
Ans: Attention and interest play a vital role in education. Without attention and interest learning is not possible. It is the primary duty of the teacher to create attention and interest. The success of a teacher largely depends on his ability to create interest in the subjects taught in the class. When the teacher is able to create interest of the student in the subject and the class he will be automatically attentive to them and learning will take place easily. That is why in the child centric education emphasis is laid on the study of interest of the child.
The child has to be mentally prepared to learn. It is not an easy task for the teacher to have a fairly good knowledge of the mind of the child. Through his study of child psychology the teacher knows how to create interest in the subject he teaches. The teacher has to know desire, interest, aptitude of the child to motivate the child to read and learn. Once the teacher succeeds in creating interest of the child in the subjects, the learning process automatically begins. The teachers then do not have to toil hard to teach. Interest leads to attention which results in learning. A skilful and efficient teacher tries to help the pupils to learn on their own after creating interest and encouraging them to embark upon the rodeos work of study.
The curriculum should be framed keeping in view the child’s inerest, aptitude, desire, need etc. Without attention learning is difficult. Interest creates attention. So both attention and interest are important in the education of the child. Modern education is child-centric, not subject centric. So, child’s interest and attention are given due emphasis in the modern educational set-up. Great educationists believe that the child learns when he feels interest which prompts and impels him to make efforts and work according to his ability. It is apparent that interest and attention are indispensable to education.
10. What is fluctuation of attention? Discuss with example.
Ans: Our attention always fluctuate from one object to other. It has proved that our attention to any object cannot last for more than a few seconds Thus, the general rule of attention is limited to one thing at a time, and shifts from one object to another in rapid succession. F/E during time of reading it a student liften a loud sound than his attention fluctuate from the book to that loud sound.
11. ‘Interest is pre condition of attention’- explain.
Ans: Interest is per condition of attention, because interest determines attention. If someting has a temporary interest then out attention is also temporary. Similarly attention leads to the development of interest. The students will attend to the lesson only if they feel interested in it. But the lesson is not interested than attention cannot be drawn. Attention follow interest and interest leads to more attention.
12. ‘Absence of attention indicates absence of interest’- Discuss.
Ans: Interest and attention go side by side. Both, attention and interest are organised disposition in the mental structure. Interest stands for the mental structure itself, and attention for the experience which that mental structure determines. So Mc Dougall says ‘that to have an interest in any object is, then, to be ready to pay attention to it.” Actually interest determines attention, if something has a temporary interest then our attention. is also temporary. Therefore it is said that absence of attention indicates absence of interest.
13. Give an example where you have to pay sensory attention.
Ans: Sensory attention is opposite to the ideational attention. When attention is paid due to stimulation of the sense organs, it is termed as sensory attention This type of attention is dependent upon three conditions. They are attractive capacity of the stimulant or object of attention, alertness and sensorial abilities of the five sense organs, and readiness of the brain to act.
For example the attentions we are pay to a blowing horn, or a bright light are examples of sensorial attention.
14. ‘A sleeping mother who is not disturbed by a loud noise outside, pays attention to even a faint cry of her sick child’ – what is the reason?
Ans: To volunteer means to offer to do something out of one’s own will. As the name implies in voluntary or volitional attention, attention is paid without any outside interference or force. This type of attention comes form within and not created by external factors. When one is deeply involved with somethings his attention naturally develops from within towards that object. However mental maturity, a high level of intelligence, mental determination etc. are essential for paying this type of attention.
15. ‘Interest resists fatigue’ – explain.
Ans: Interest may refer to the motivating force that implies us to attend to a person, a thing, or an activity, or it may be the affective experience that has been stimulated by the activity itself. This importance and significance of interest in any learning activity cannot be exaggerated. Any volitional act whether it is for purposes of learning or memorising or satisfying one’s needs, cannot take place unless the person feels interested in it, and attends to it properly. This reasons ‘Interest resists fatigue’.
16. ‘Attention accompanies motor adjustment’ – explain with illustration.
Ans: Every act of attention has a corresponding motor adjustment of the body. While attending to something, our body has to make certain motor adjustments. These bodily or physical postures help in the act of attention.
17. Discuss about the environmental factors of interest.
Ans: The environmental factors of interest are as follows:
(i) Educational environment.
(ii) It is environment is less stimulating to children.
| E. QUESTIONS FOR 5 MARK EACH |
1. What is attention? Give some important definitions of attention.
Ans: Attention is the focussing of consciousness on an idea or object of thought. We see various things around us – different people, different objects, different colours and hear different sounds. We do not and can not pay attention to all of them at a time. A particular person, object, sound attracts our attention. We focus our consciousness on that particular thing which attracts us. This focussing of consciousness is called attention. This is a process of selection of our stimuli and elimination of others. If we focus our consciousness on several things at a time, our ideas about things will not be clear. Attention helps us to get a clear and definite idea of a particular object.
According to James Ross, “Attention is a process of getting an object of thought clearly before the mind.”
According to Guilford, “There is conscious selection of what one is going to observe goes by the name of attention.”
According to W. R. Ryburn, “Attention is an activity of the personality and into it enter feeling and will as well as the fundamental activity we call congnition.”
2. Discuss about the importance of attention in education.
Ans: Attention and interest play a vital role in education. Without attention and interest learning is not possible. It is the primary duty of the teacher to create attention and interest. The success of a teacher largely depends on his ability to create interest in the subjects taught in the class. When the teacher is able to create interest of the student in the subject and the class he will be automatically attentive to them and learning will take place easily. That is why in the child centric education emphasis is laid on the study of interest of the child.
The child has to be mentally prepared to learn. It is not an easy task for the teacher to have a fairly good knowledge of the mind of the child. Through his study of child psychology the teacher knows how to create interest in the subject he teaches. The teacher has to know desire, interest, aptitude of the child to motivate the child to read and learn. Once the teacher succeeds in creating interest of the child in the subjects, the learning process automatically begins. The teachers then do not have to toil hard to teach. Interest leads to attention which results in learning. A skilful and efficient teacher tries to help the pupils to learn on their own after creating interest and encouraging them to embark upon the rodeos work of study.
The curriculum should be framed keeping in view the child’s inerest, aptitude, desire, need etc. Without attention learning is difficult. Interest creates attention. So both attention and interest are important in the education of the child. Modern education is child-centric, not subject centric. So, child’s interest and attention are given due emphasis in the modern educational set-up. Great educationists believe that the child learns when he feels interest which prompts and impels him to make efforts and work according to his ability. It is apparent that interest and attention are indispensable to education.
3. Describe the characteristics of attention.
Ans: Characteristics of attention: Following are the main characteristics of attention:
(i) Selection: Attend on is selective. We do not pay attention to everything. The mind makes selection before attending to a particular things. Only those things which are of interest to us get out attention.
(ii) Mobility: Attention keeps moving from one object or activity to another. Attention cannot be fixed on a particular object for long.
(iii) Motor adjustment: In a lecture hall it is seen that when the audience is interested in the lecture, people bring their head forward and adjust their movements in such a way that they can hear more. This is characteristic of attention. When we pay attention our bodily movements are adjusted to the need.
(iv) Narrow range: Attention is limited to a narrow range. We cannot attend to several things at a time.
(v) Clarity: When attention is paid to an object it becomes vivid to us.
(vi) Purposeful: There is some purpose behind attention.
(vii) Exploratory: Attention helps us to explore things and qualities of things.
(viii) Systematic: Attention is a systematic and unified mental action.
(ix) Nervous system: Attention leads to change in the nervous system.
4. Classify attention into different types and explain each type with example.
Ans: There are two types of attention:
(i) Volitional attention. and
(ii) Non-volitional attention.
Volitional attention is one which requires some struggle or effort of the will. Under the stress of some problems we try to understand and attend to a subject even if we have no interest in it. For instance, a student is studying a book on physics, as he has to appear in the examination. But he has no interest in the subject. He has prescribed himself to a goal, that of passing the examination and to accomplish it he has to attend to it. This attention is volitional attention.
On the her hand non-volitional attention is one in which no effort is required to attend. Non-volitional attention may be divided into two types. Spontaneous and enforced. In spontaneous attention we attend to something due to our natural interest in it. In enforced attention we attend to an object or idea,due to the stimulation of the sense organs.
There are some other types of attention:
(i) Voluntary attention.
(ii) Involuntary attention.
(iii) Sensory attention.
(iv) Ideational attention.
(v) Direct attention.
(vi) Indirect attention.
(vii) Analytical attention.
(viii) Synthetical attention.
(ix) Theoretical attention.
(x) Habitual attention.
5. What are the objective conditions of attention. Discuss about some important objective conditions of attention.
Ans: One of the conditions of attention is objective condition. Following are the objective conditions of attention.
(a) Intensity of stimulus : Loud sounds and bright lights naturally attract one’s attention.
(b) Change: Sudden changes of the stimulus make us curious and attentive.
(c) Novelty: New objects attract attention more rapidly.
(d) Movement: Moving things attracts our attention easily.
(e) Clearness of outline: If a thing appears clearly before our eyes it naturally attracts our attention.
6. What are the subjective conditions of attention. Discuss about some important subjective factors of attention.
Ans: The subjective conditions of attention are:
(i) Instincts: Instincts are the inherited structural dispositions that impel the possessor to perceive and pay attention to some objects. Out of curiosity we pay attention to certain objects.
(ii) Interests and aptitudes: Our aptitudes are reinforced by our interests and attention which go side by side. We pay attention to those things for which we have the aptitude and interest.
(iii) Sentiments: Sentiments are acquired dispositions centering around an object, an idea or an ideal. Our sentiments impel us to pay attention to the object.
(iv) Habits: Another important subjective condition of attention is habit. We will habitually attend to certain things and not to others. Good habits will automatically impel us to do and attend to desirable activities and objects.
7. What is attention? Describe its determinants.
Ans: Attention is generally defined as the ‘focussing and consciousness on an idea or object of thought’. Attention is always present in our conscious life. In every moment of our waking life we are attending to something. The process of attention helps us to understand ideas and objects clearly.
One of the conditions of attention is objective condition. Following are the objective conditions of attention.
(a) Intensity of stimulus: Loud sounds and bright lights naturally attract one’s attention.
(b) Change: Sudden changes of the stimulus make us curious and attentive.
(c) Novelty: New objects attract attention more rapidly.
(d) Movement: Moving things attracts our attention easily.
(e) Clearness of outline: If a thing appears clearly before our eyes it naturally attracts our attention.
The subjective conditions of attention are:
(i) Instincts: Instincts are the inherited structural dispositions that impel the possessor to perceive and pay attention to some objects. Out of curiosity we pay attention to certain objects.
(ii) Interests and aptitudes: Our aptitudes are reinforced by our interests and attention which go side by side. We pay attention to those things for which we have the aptitude and interest.
(iii) Sentiments: Sentiments are acquired dispositions centering around an object, an idea or an ideal. Our sentiments impel us to pay attention to the object.
(iv) Habits: Another important subjective condition of attention is habit. We will habitually attend to certain things and not to others. Good habits will automatically impel us to do and attend to desirable activities and objects.
8. What is interest? What are the source/ factors on which it depends?
Ans: Interest means ‘it matters to us.’ When we say that a person is interested in music, we mean that music matters to him. We have instinct and sentiments which are the two sources of interest. All of us are instinctively interested in our self-preservation. The birds are interested in nests, the infants in bright objects, the grown-up children in games.
Similarly, sentiments are also the sources of interest. When we say that a person is interested in swimming, we mean that he had developed a sentiment for swimming.
Factors:
(i) Innate tendencies: On various occasions innate or inborn tendencies are basically responsible for our peculiar interests.
(ii) Age: Interest varies as one grows older.
(iii) Sex: Interest is influenced by sex differences. It amounts for the pattern of preferred hobbies and leisure time activities of boys and girls.
(iv) Physical condition: Interest depends upon physical efficiency and readiness.
(v) Intelligence: Intelligence is also another source of interest as ability differences are accompanied by interest differences.
(vi) Socio-ecnomic status: Individuals coming from defferent socio-econmic environments show different pattern of interest.
(vii) Learning and habit: Learning and habits are factors of interest, learning and habits make one concerned of anything.
9. Describe different types of interest.
Ans: Innate interest is natural and is within the individual. An individual is very much inclined to sex because he has a natural or innate interest in it.
On the other hand an individual may gain interest or acquire interest through company. He may not be interested in smoking. But if he always moves with the friends who smoke regularly, he after sometime acquires interest in smoking. He becomes interested in smoking. This is called acquired interest.
Innate interest is inborn. Mother’s interest in her child is innate interest. Boy and girl’s interest in each other is innate interest.
On the other hand interest in drawing, music, drama, social service etc., are acquired. It cannot be said as innate interest. This interest grows or develops with time and environment. So interest which we develop or gain is called acquired interest.
10. Discuss about the characteristics of interest.
Ans: Characteristics of interest are:
(i) Interest is that innate state of mind which inspires one act from within.
(ii) Every one of us is blessed with feelings and interests generally originate from them.
(iii) Interest may be innate or acquired.
(iv) Interest may be long lasting as well as temporary.
(v) It is the driving force action.
(vi) It determines attention or striving aspects of experiences.
11. Discuss about the role of teacher in developing interest and attention among the student.
Ans: How the teacher can draw attention of the students in the class: The student can learn through attention. The primary responsibility of the teacher is to draw attention of the student in order to impart effective instruction. The teacher should note the following to create attention in the students to make education meaningful.
(i) Physical and Mental Development: There is a close relation between physical-mental development of an individual and attention. At different stages of development the subject of attention also varies. So the teacher should plan the subject matter and adopt the method of teaching according to the need and specification at different stage of development of the student.
(ii) Objective and Subjective Condition: At the lower level the teacher should make the objective (outward) condition attractive to subjects. At higher-level the teacher should give more importance to the subjective (inward) condition.
(iii) Effective Method of Teaching: It is through effective method of teaching that a teacher can make the subject matter more appealing or attractive. It is apparent that method of teaching should be practical.
(iv) Use of Audio-Visual Aids: The use of these modern education gadgets like T.V., radio, tape recorder etc. make teaching more interesting for which the students pay attention to it.
(v) Use of Instances’: The teacher should use examples, instances, references at appropriate times and places while explaining the subject in order to make the conception of the subject clear to the students and draw their pointed (undivided) attention.
(vi) Teacher’s Personality: Teacher’s physical appearance, sense of duty, amiability, scholarship, sociability etc. impress the students. As a result they become more interested in him and consequently pay attention to what he says.
12. Write on educational significance of interest and attention.
Ans: Attention and interest play a vital role in education. Without attention and interest learning is not possible. It is the primary duty of the teacher to create attention and interest. The success of a teacher largely depends on his ability to create interest in the subjects taught in the class. When the teacher is able to create interest of the student in the subject and the class he will be automatically attentive to them and learning will take place easily. That is why in the child centric education emphasis is laid on the study of interest of the child.
The child has to be mentally prepared to learn. It is not an easy task for the teacher to have a fairly good knowledge of the mind of the child. Through his study of child psychology the teacher knows how to create interest in the subject he teaches. The teacher has to know desire, interest, aptitude of the child to motivate the child to read and learn. Once the teacher succeeds in creating interest of the child in the subjects, the learning process automatically begins. The teachers then do not have to toil hard to teach. Interest leads to attention which results in learning. A skilful and efficient teacher tries to help the pupils to learn on their own after creating interest and encouraging them to embark upon the rodeos work of study.
The curriculum should be framed keeping in view the child’s inerest, aptitude, desire, need etc. Without attention learning is difficult. Interest creates attention. So both attention and interest are important in the education of the child. Modern education is child-centric, not subject centric. So, child’s interest and attention are given due emphasis in the modern educational set-up. Great educationists believe that the child learns when he feels interest which prompts and impels him to make efforts and work according to his ability. It is apparent that interest and attention are indispensable to education.
13. Give some suggestions for better concentration of attention.
Ans: The teacher should adopt the following devices to make the pupils attentive in the classroom.
(i) First, the teacher must recognise that children’s interest varies with age, and he must know what differences in interest arise at different stages of their development. The teacher should be familiar with them and should adjust both the subject matter and the method to the capabilities and mental development of his pupils.
(ii) Secondly, interest can be aroused when the teacher justifies to the pupils the value and importance of what they are going to learn. It means that for learning a lesson pupils should have a motive.
(iii) Thirdly, the teacher should avoid monotony, because that kills interest.
(iv) Fourthly, teacher, should desist from bitter criticism and negative attitude at the students’ activities, functions and achievements.
(v) Lastly, the learning period of students should not be unusually long if the students interest and attention are to be sustained.
So, creating interest and attention in the students is psychological device which largely depends on attractive and professional efficiency of the teacher.
14. Describe different sources of attention.
Ans: One of the conditions of attention is objective condition. Following are the objective conditions of attention.
(a) Intensity of stimulus: Loud sounds and bright lights naturally attract one’s attention.
(b) Change: Sudden changes of the stimulus make us curious and attentive.
(c) Novelty: New objects attract attention more rapidly.
(d) Movement: Moving things attracts our attention easily.
(e) Clearness of outline: If a thing appears clearly before our eyes it naturally attracts our attention.
The subjective conditions of attention are:
(i) Instincts: Instincts are the inherited structural dispositions that impel the possessor to perceive and pay attention to some objects. Out of curiosity we pay attention to certain objects.
(ii) Interests and aptitudes: Our aptitudes are reinforced by our interests and attention which go side by side. We pay attention to those things for which we have the aptitude and interest.
(iii) Sentiments: Sentiments are acquired dispositions centering around an object, an idea or an ideal. Our sentiments impel us to pay attention to the object.
(iv) Habits: Another important subjective condition of attention is habit. We will habitually attend to certain things and not to others. Good habits will automatically impel us to do and attend to desirable activities and objects.
Teacher succeeds in creating interest of the child in the subjects, the learning process automatically begins. The teachers then do not have to toil hard to teach. Interest leads to attention which results in learning. A skilful and efficient teacher tries to help the pupils to learn on their own after creating interest and encouraging them to embark upon the rodeos work of study.
The curriculum should be framed keeping in view the child’s inerest, aptitude, desire, need etc. Without attention learning is difficult. Interest creates attention. So both attention and interest are important in the education of the child. Modern education is child-centric, not subject centric. So, child’s interest and attention are given due emphasis in the modern educational set-up. Great educationists believe that the child learns when he feels interest which prompts and impels him to make efforts and work according to his ability. It is apparent that interest and attention are indispensable to education.
15. Explain the concept of Interest. Describe the personal factors of interest.
Ans: The word interest is originated from a Latin word which means, “It matters” or “It concerns”. When something matters or concern for an individual, it means he has interest in that object or idea. A boy is interested in cricket. It means the sport called cricket matters to him or he is concerned about it.
The personal factors of interest are mentioned below:
(i) Innate tendencies: On various occasions innate or inborn tendencies are basically responsible for our peculiar interests.
(ii) Age: Interest varies as one grows older. Thus age is also a source of interest.
(iii) Sex: Interest is influenced by sex differences. Sex differences account for the pattern of preferred hobbies and leisure time activities of boys and girls.
(iv) Physical Conditions: What a person does and likes to do is determined in part of least by his physical ability. Thus interest depends upon physical efficiency and readiness.
(v) Intelligence: Intelligence is also another source of interest. Ability differences are accompanied by interest differences.
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