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SEBA Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 1 Economic Geography: Subject Matter and Resource
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Economic Geography: Subject Matter and Resource
PART – II: [GEOGRAPHY]
TEXTUAL QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1. What is economic geography? What is its main subject matter? Mention the important branches of economic geography.
Ans: Economic geography is the branch of geography which studies human activities related to production, distribution, consumption and exchange of resources with respect to spatial and temporal aspects.
The main subject matter of economic geography is the economic activity of man which includes:
(i) Production of resources.
(ii) Distribution of resources.
(iii) Consumption of resources.
(iv) Exchange of resources.
None of these economic activities of man can take place without resources. Therefore, the availability of resources, their development and utilization is the principal subject matter of economic geography.
The main branches of economic geography are:
(i) Agricultural geography.
(ii) Industrial geography.
(iii) Geography of resources.
(iv) Transport geography.
(v) Marketing geography.
(vi) Geography of planning and development.
(vii) Geography of tourism.
2. Write in brief about the scope of economic geography.
Ans: George Chisholm, the father of modem economic geography, has defined that the main scope and objective of economic geography is to determine the economic development trend and direction of a place. While economic geographers C.F. Jones and GG Darkenwald, have said that the subject is about man’s productive occupations or activities and deals with the finding out of answers to why certain regions are more advanced in production and export while others in import and trade. Thus it can be said that the study of economic geography deals with the relationship between man’s productive activities and environmental conditions. The scope of economic geography can be defined to lie in the following five questions under two broad divisions:
[I] Traditional Economic Geography:
(i) Where is the economic activity located?
(ii) What are the characteristics of the economic activity?
(iii) To what other phenomena is the economic activity related?
[II] Modern Economic Geography:
(i) Why is the economic activity located where it is?
(ii) Would it not be better located elsewhere?
The economic activity of man that comes under the scope of study of Economic Geography can be classified into four main types:
(i) Primary occupations: Those activities by which man collects natural resources.
(ii) Secondary occupations: Those activities by which man transforms natural commodities into usable forms.
(iii) Tertiary occupations: Those activities by which commodities produced by primary and secondary activities are delivered to consumers.
Quaternary occupations: Those activities by which secondary and tertiary activities are made more easy and productive.
3. What do you mean by economic activities of man? What are such economic activities?
Ans: Economic activities or occupations of man means the various activities that man performs to earn his living to sustain his life on earth. The various economic activities/occupations of man are:
(i) Primary activities: Activities by which people collect necessary items such as food, clothing, shelter, etc. from the natural environment and use them directly are known as primary activities. e.g. agriculture, collecting of food from forests, mining, fishing, etc.
(ii) Secondary activities: Activities by which people use raw materials supplied by primary activity to transform them into a usable form with the aid of technology are known as secondary activities. e.g. trade, commerce, business, industrial production, etc.
(iii) Tertiary activities: Activities by which people supply primary or secondary goods to the users and connect producers and consumers are known as tertiary activities. e.g. transport, communication, marketing, wholesale or retail selling, tourism activity, etc.
(iv) Quaternary activities: Activities which require some degree of skill, intelligence, foresight, expertise, etc, are known as quaternary activities. e.g. banking and financial services, publicity media, administration, education and research, etc.
| S.L No. | CONTENTS |
| PART – I: HISTORY | |
| Chapter 1 | Partition Of Bengal And Swadeshi Movement |
| Chapter 2 | Rise Of Gandhi And The Freedom Movement Of India |
| Chapter 3 | Anti-British Rising And Peasant Revolts In Assam |
| Chapter 4 | Indian Freedom Movement And National Awakening In Assam |
| Chapter 5 | Cultural Heritage Of India And North East Region |
| PART – II: GEOGRAPHY | |
| Chapter 6 | Economic Geography: Subject Matter And Resource |
| Chapter 7 | Environment And Environmental Problems |
| Chapter 8 | Geography Of The World |
| Chapter 9 | Geography Of Assam |
| PART – III: POLITICAL SCIENCE | |
| Chapter 10 | Indian Democracy |
| Chapter 11 | International Organization |
| PART – III: ECONOMICS | |
| Chapter 12 | Money And Banking |
| Chapter 13 | Economic Development |
4. Write briefly about the subject matter of the important branches of economic geography.
Ans: The subject matter of the important branches of economic geography are:
(i) Agricultural geography: Agricultural geography mainly studies factors associated with agricultural activity, types of agriculture, distribution, methods of agricultural activity, crop production and its associated theory, marketing, export and import of agricultural products, etc.
(ii) Industrial geography: Industrial geography studies factors associated with establishment of industry, types of industry, geographical distribution of industries, production of industrial goods, localisation of industries, marketing, export-import of industrial goods, etc.
(iii) Geography of resources: Geography of resources studies types of resources, regional distribution of resources, exploration and production of resources, relationship between resource and development, conservation and management of resources, etc.
(iv) Transport geography: Transport geography primarily includes factors associated with the types of transport system, role of transport on resource distribution, movement and economic activities of man, economic development like industrial development, agricultural development, etc.
(v) Geography of marketing: Geography of marketing covers factors associated with establishing markets, types of distribution of markets and related theories, etc.
(vi) Geography of planning and development: Geography of planning and development studies factors related to economic development, planning strategies, sustainable development, regional and resource-based development process, etc.
(vii) Geography of tourism: Geography of tourism deals with factors related to tourism and types of tourism, development and planning process of tourism system, etc.
5. Why is “resource geography’ known as an important branch of economic geography?
Ans: The economic development of a country is closely associated with the quality and the quantity of resources available in that country and their proper utilization. Moreover, the study of economic geography and all of its branches and sub-branches is directly related to the geography of resources. It is in this context that resource geography is considered as an important branch of economic geography.
6. What is meant by ‘resource’? Mention its main characteristics.
Ans: A source of wealth, revenue, supply or support essential for the functioning of all living organisms and ecosystems is known as a resource. In other words, things that satisfy various human needs are known as resources. It is defined as a country’s collective means of support. Natural things available in nature like air, water, sunrays, soil, plants, minerals, fish, etc. found on the earth are considered as resources because they help human existence on earth in one way or the other.
According to a famous economist Zimmermann, the main characteristic/ properties of a resource are:
(i) Utility: Resource should be useful to man in one way or the other. It should satisfy some of his needs required for his living.
(ii) Functionality: Every resource has certain functionality, Le, it should have certain specific function or usefulness. Thus, each resource has a unique usefulness of its own.
7. ‘Resource is dynamic’. Explain.
Ans: One of the significant features of a resource is its dynamic aspect. Sometimes, a commodity found in nature may not be useful today, but during a later period of time, it may become a useful item and turn into a resource. Such materials are called neutral stuff. e.g., the ocean water may not be of much use today, but it is expected that this water may have substances which may be beneficial to mankind. In the same way, some of the presently useful resources may become useless when some other alternative commodities are discovered. Mineral oil is a highly useful resource today and without it, the economic development of a country cannot take place. But the discovery of an alternate source which is cheap and easily available can make this wonderful resource, a useless one in the near future. Hence, the utility of a resource is temporary and can change with time.
The commodities that are harmful to man are called resistance. e.g. the floodwater of Damodar river caused a great deal of harm and damage to human life and property. But when this floodwater was controlled by suitable check dams, the water became a highly useful resource which enhanced human habitation and agriculture. Thus, a resistance can become a resource. Therefore, in this context we can say that resource is dynamic.
8. Briefly discuss about the necessities of resources with examples.
Ans: Resources help man in numerous ways.
Following are some of the necessities of resources:
(i) Improve living condition: The availability of resources not only fulfills the primary needs of man, i.e. food, clothing and shelter but also satisfies many other requirements. This improves the overall living condition or standard of living of man. e.g, agricultural products like rice, wheat, etc. serves man with his food as well as help him in earning his livelihood.
(ii) Socio-economic development: No country can ever progress without adequate resources. Industry, agriculture, commerce, trade, etc. require resources such as minerals, agricultural crops, forest products, human resources, etc. Hence, the socio-economic development of a country is greatly dependent on the availability of resources.
(iii) Human welfare: The progress of human society is directly associated with resources and their proper utilization. Resources satisfy the various needs of man required for his living.
9. Write in brief about the relationship between resource and man.
Ans: There is a close relationship between resource and man. One cannot survive or develop without the other.
Man is associated with resource in two different ways:
(i) As a producer of resource: Man is the ultimate producer of resource. Although many of the resources useful to man are provided by nature, but most of them are found in their raw form or not in a useful state. Such resources are transformed by man according to his requirement into more consumable forms. Mineral resources, forest resources, water resources, agricultural resources, etc. cannot be developed without the active support of man. Hence, man is the prime mover of all resources. e.g. resources produced by man include technology, houses, roads, industries, schools, offices, vehicles, etc.
(ii) As a consumer of resource: Man is a consumer of resource. Man consumes or uses various food crops, cloth, mineral oils and various other man-made commodities. Man cannot live a normal life on earth without the use of essential resources like water, air, food, cloth, shelter, etc. Hence, resources constitute an essential element for supporting life on earth.
Besides, man is considered as a resource himself. How the natural resources or man-made resources are used or developed by man depends on man himself. Human knowledge and its extent are responsible for the level of development of resources. Even the dynamic nature of a resource is dependent on human demand and development of new technology by man.
10. Briefly discuss about the relationship between resource and science-technology.
Ans: Resource and science-technology are closely associated with each other. The interrelationship between the two can be understood from the following points:
(i) Discovery of resources: Science has enabled man to discover almost all the resources. Many of the mineral resources that we use today may have remained buried deep within the earth, had they not been extracted by using modern scientific technology.
(ii) Transformation of neutral stuff: Due to the development of science and technology. many of the neutral stuff and resistance found on the earth are getting transformed into resource, through the application of human skills and efforts.
(iii) Better utilization of resources: Science and technology has facilitated better utilization of existing resources. New uses of many of the existing resources are discovered by scientists and researchers, thereby making the existing resources more useful and beneficial to man.
11. Write about classification of resources with examples.
Ans:
The classification of resources can be explained on the basis of:
[A ] Origin:
(i) Natural resources: The resources which after natural formation remain distributed on earth are called natural resources, eg, water, air, sunlight, land, minerals, soil, plants, animals, rivers, etc.
(ii) Man-made resources: The various commodities produced from natural resources using modern science and technology by man are called man-made resources. e.g. paper from bamboo, cloth from cotton, synthetic cloth, synthetic rubber, medicines, fertilizers, etc.
(iii) Human resources: The population of a country which is capable of making use of the resources efficiently and productively are known as human resources. The most important resource of a country is its human resource.
[B] Physical structure or composition:
(i) Biotic resources: The resources which have life are called biotic resources. e.g. plants, animals, fishes, crops, etc.
(ii) Abiotic resources: The resources which do not have life are called abiotic resources. c.g. soil, rock, water, air, minerals, sand, etc.
[C] Availability or renewability or durability:
(i) Renewable resources: The resources which do not get depleted on use and can be used again and again through the process of regeneration are called renewable resources. e.g. sunshine, water, soil, etc.
(ii) Non-renewable resources: The resources which get depleted on use and cannot be regenerated after use are called non-renewable resources. e.g. coal, mineral oil, natural gas, etc.
[D] Ownership:
(i) Individual or personal resources: The things in possession of a person or an individual are called individual resources, eg, land, household items, personal attributes such as good character, education, various skills, etc.
(ii) National resources: The resources under the responsibility or possession of a country are called national resources, eg, transport network, land, rivers, minerals, animals of the forests, agricultural crops, various manufactured goods, people, etc.
(iii) International resources: The national resources belonging to different countries which are under the possession of the whole world are called international resources. e.g. oceans, seas, atmosphere, forests, etc.
[E] Distribution:
(i) Ubiquitous resources: The resources that are found all over the world called ubiquitous resources, e.g. sunshine, heat, air, space, sky, etc.
(ii) Localized resources: The resources which are found only in certain parts of the world are known as localized resources, e.g. minerals such as iron ore, petroleum, uranium, coal, etc.
Note: Some resources are found to overlap with one another, e.g. plant is a natural resource and also a biotic resource and renewable resource. Similarly, gold is a natural, abiotic, non-renewable, individual or national resource.
12. What is meant by natural resource? Write briefly with examples.
Ans: Natural resources are those resources which after natural formation remain distributed on the earth. These can be in solid, liquid or gaseous states, and in metallic or non-metallic form. Many natural resources are used as they are available, while others are used as raw materials for different industries. Examples of natural resources are air, water, sunlight, land, minerals, natural gas, plants, animals, rivers, oceans, etc.
13. What is man-made resource? Write in brief about its use with examples.
Ans: Man made resources are those resources which are made from natural resources with the application of human effort. The resources are made by man by converting natural resources into more usable commodities by modern science and technology. Examples of such resources are making of paper from bamboo; cloth from cotton; food items, medicines, wooden furniture and houses from plants; metals from ares; etc.
14. What are the differences between renewable and non-renewable resources? Discuss briefly with examples.
Ans: The differences between renewable and non- renewable resources are:
| SI. No. | Basis of difference | Renewable resource | Non-renewable resource |
| (i) | Meaning | Resources which can be regenerated or renewed after use. | Resources which cannot be regenerated or renewed after use. |
| (ii) | Exhaustibility | Do not get exhausted after use or can be regenerated. | Gradually get exhausted and cannot be regenerated. |
| (iii) | Examples | Air, sunshine, water, crops, etc. | Coal, oil, natural gas, various types of minerals, etc. |
15. What is meant by conservation of resources’? What is its necessity?
Ans: Conservation of resources is the process of preservation and judicious use of resources to achieve maximum utility, avoid wasteful consumption and misuse.
Following are the reasons leading to the necessity of conservation of resources:
(i) Limited resources: Resources provided by nature are unevenly distributed and their supply is also limited. There is not a single country which has all the resources. This calls for conservation and proper utilization of resources that a country has. Many of the resources that man uses today are non-renewable or exhaustible resources. Hence, a planned use of the limited resources is required so that they last for a long time.
(ii) Rising population: With the rapid expansion of population, the demand for various resources is also rising. Increased population is depleting the existing resources rapidly. Although the countries such as the USA, Canada, Japan, Germany, England, etc. are not thickly populated, the use of natural resources is very high in these countries due to their economic advancement. Even in the developing countries like India and China, the extent of use of the mineral resources such as coal, oil, natural gas, copper, iron, bauxite, etc. is quite high. All these call for planning and conservation of resources.
(iii) Protection of endangered species: As a result of improper use of various resources and environmental pollution, many species of plants and animals are becoming endangered and extinct. The total population of animals like tiger, elephant, lion, rhino, etc. is decreasing rapidly due to environmental degradation and destruction of their habitat. Many of the valuable plant species of Assam such as Sarpagandha, Chalmugra, Kalmegh, Arjun, etc. are on the verge of becoming extinct. Similarly, animals such as golden langur, hoolock gibbon, wild buffalo, etc. are also becoming endangered species. The destruction of such biotic resources can bring about certain negative impact on the biosphere. Therefore, there is an urgent need to conserve all the living and non-living resources of the earth in a judicious manner.
(iv) Avoid pollution: The extraction and processing of resources often lead to environmental pollution. The use of chemicals, fertilizers, pesticides, vehicles, etc. and the increased use of mineral resources such as oil, coal, natural gas, etc. causes a great deal of environmental pollution, which in turn leads to health hazards. Therefore, there has to be a planned use of resources minimizing their harmful effects.
16. Write in brief about the methods of resource conservation.
Ans: The various methods of resource conservation are:
(i) Discovery of alternative resources: One of the ways to avoid the overuse of resources is to find out the alternate resources having similar qualities or features. This requires an extensive study and research, e.g. use of synthetic fibre in place of cotton, electric power in place of petrol or diesel in vehicles, etc. Moreover, solar energy, hydroelectricity, biogas, etc. should be used instead of coal, oil, minerals, etc. to reduce the overuse of non-renewable resources.
(ii) Recycling: The use of raw-materials can be reduced by reusing the usable disposed garbages through the process of recycling, eg, recycling of used water or paper, etc.
(iii) Innovation: With the help of necessary study and research, many innovative methods can be applied to make better and effective use of available resources. This helps in reducing the misuse of raw materials and enhances resource production, eg, chemical fertilizers can be replaced by organic fertilizers.
(iv) Waste control: If the wastes are properly collected and scientifically treated, a lot of new products can be obtained. e.g. the waste water from factories and city drains can be treated and converted into clean water again by using certain scientific methods.
(v) Spread of knowledge regarding conservation: A great deal of conservation can take place if the public is made aware of the need for conserving the vital resources of a country through public awareness campaigns, seminars, public involved management of resources, etc.
(vi) Enforcement of conservation related acts: For the proper conservation of resources, there should be proper laws to ban their misuse. The government must make sure that the acts are strictly implemented and stringent actions are taken against those who break such laws.
(vii) Proper assessment of resource reserve: Proper assessment of resources is essential for the development of any nation. Once the authorities know the extent of availability of the resources, they can stringently plan the use of such available resources.
(viii) Assessment of future resource requirement: It is not only important to calculate the extent of the availability of the resources, but it is equally important to estimate the future requirement of such resources, so that a proper planned use of resources can be undertaken.
17. Write in brief about the organizations associated with resource conservation and their role.
Ans: Rapid increase of population, overuse of existing resources, growing environmental problems caused by unscientific use of resources, etc, have resulted in the depletion of many vital resources of the world. Without adequate amount of resources, life on earth will become difficult and no country can progress or develop. Therefore, many international organizations have been established to take steps to conserve existing resources and to reduce environmental pollution caused by the use of resources. In this context, the following organizations deserve a special mention:
(i) IUCN: IUCN stands for International Union for Conservation of Nature. It was formed in 1948 and has played a commendable role in preserving and conserving the existing resources of the world. It was founded by the British Biologist, Julian Huxley, the founder Director General of UNESCO. The main aim of this organization is to carry out study. and research on conservation of global natural environment and natural resources including biodiversity and initiate suitable measures. It works under the direction of UNO, IUCN established two international organizations, viz. WWF for Nature (World Wide Fund for Nature) and World Conversation Monitoring Centre.
(ii) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change: In India, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change has been established to coordinate the work of conservation of natural resources. It is responsible for the laws related to environmental protection and conservation of natural resources. As part of this ministry, an autonomous institution named Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education was established in 1986.
(iii) Non-governmental agencies: Non-governmental agencies like Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), Greenpeace India, Wildlife Trust of India, etc. work for protection of environment in India. In Assam, non-governmental agencies like Assam Science Society, Aaranyak, etc. have taken up the cause of environmental protection, biodiversity conservation, etc.
18. Write short notes:
(a) Resource.
Ans: Students do Yourself. Refer to Answer of Question No. 6 and 7.
(b) Human resource.
Ans: Human resource means the population of a country made valuable through education, training and experience or in other words made capable of making use of other resources efficiently. Human resource constitutes the most important resource of a nation. Most of the countries of Europe and America are developed mainly due to the development of their human resources. The human resources in these countries are developed because of better education and training. Man is the prime mover of resources. Without him no resource can develop. Despite scarcity of natural resources and raw-materials required for industries, countries like Japan, Switzerland, Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea, etc. have made great progress in every aspect of economic activity, mainly because of human resource development.
(c) Wealth.
Ans: All economic goods which can satisfy human wants and have value-in-exchange are called wealth.
Some of the features of wealth are:
(i) Wealth possesses the features of utility as it has the power to satisfy human wants.
(ii) The supply of wealth is limited.
(iii) Wealth can be transferred from one individual to another through money or value.
All kinds of wealth can be regarded as a resource but all resources may not be regarded as wealth. e.g. wealth like land, buildings, machineries, etc. which have market value, can be regarded as resources but resources like air, water, soil, education, social institutions, public health, etc. are not wealth because some of these are found in abundance, and others cannot be exchanged and do not have market value.
Again, the use of resources bring about human welfare, but wealth may have both useful or harmful effects. e.g. substances like poison, chemical insecticides, alcohol, etc. are considered as wealth because they can be sold for money, but the use of such substances is highly dangerous to man, so such materials cannot be termed as resources.
(d) Resource conservation.
Ans: The planning and management of natural resources so as to secure their wise use and continuity of supply, while maintaining and enhancing their quality, value and diversity is known as resource conservation. The main objective of the concept of resource conservation is the collection and utilization of necessary resources from the nature in such a way so that benefit can be derived from them for a long time. Many of the mineral, animal and plant resources are depleting at a very fast rate. Since many of these resources cannot be created or increased, there is an urgent need to conserve them in the best possible way. We can conserve the existing resources by discovering alternative resources, recycling, innovation, waste control, enforcement of conservation related acts, etc.
19. Write the differences between:
(a) Resource and wealth
Ans: The differences between resource and wealth are:
| SL NO. | Basis of difference | Resource | Wealth |
| (i) | Meaning | A source of wealth, revenue, supply or support essential for the functioning of all living organisms and ecosystems. | Anything that has value-in-exchange or price. |
| (ii) | Supply | Supply of certain resources like air, ocean, water, sunshine, etc. are unlimited. | Supply of wealth is limited. |
| (iii) | Exchange | May or may not be exchanged for a price. | Can be transferred or exchanged for money. |
| (iv) | Use | Are always useful to man. | Can be useful or harmful to man. |
(b) Economic geography and resource geography.
Ans: The differences between economic geography and resource geography are:
| SL NO. | Basis of difference | Economic geography | Resource geography |
| (i) | Meaning | The branch of human geography in which the study of human activities related to production, distribution, consumption and exchange of resources is done with respect to space and time. | The study which deals with the production, distribution and consumption of resources. |
| (ii) | Scope | It has a wider scope than resource geography as it includes agricultural geography, industrial geography, transport geography, marketing geography, resource geography and geography of tourism: | It is relatively narrower than economic geography as it is only a part of economic geography. |
(c) Resource and neutral stuff.
Ans: The differences between resource and neutral stuff are:
| SL No. | Basis of difference | Resource | Neutral stuff |
| (i) | Meaning | A source of wealth, revenue, supply or support essential for the functioning of all living organisms and ecosystems. | The materials found on the earth which are neither useful nor harmful to man. |
| (ii) | Usefulness | Resources are useful in the present day. | Neutral stuff may be of use as a resource in the future. |
| (iii) | Examples | Air, water, soil, plants, minerals, etc. |
(d) Biotic and abiotic resource.
Ans: The differences between biotic resource and abiotic resource are:
| SL No. | Basis of difference | Biotic resource | Abiotic resource |
| (i) | Meaning | The resources of nature which have life. | The resources of nature which do not have life. |
| (ii) | Examples | Plants, animals, man, fish, crops etc. | Stone, sand, soil, minerals,etc. |
(e) Personal resource and national resource.
Ans: The differences between personal resource and national resource are:
| SL No. | Basis of difference | Personal resource | National resource |
| (i) | Meaning | The things under possession of a person or an individual. | The resource under the responsibility or possession of a country. |
| (ii) | Examples | Land, household properties, ornaments, money and personal attributes like good character, education, knowledge, working skill, etc. | Plants, animals, forests, transport networks, land, rivers, buildings, educational institutions, administrative systems, etc. |
(f) Man-made resource and human resource.
Ans: The differences between man-made resource and human resource are:
| SL No. | Basis of difference | Man-made resource | Human resource |
| (i) | Meaning | The resources which have been formed by human effort as a result of the application of science, technology, skill of man, etc. | The people of a country capable of making use of other resources efficiently and productively. |
| (ii) | Examples | Paper from bamboo, cloth from cotton, different types of paints, fertilizers, soap, plastic, etc. | Man himself is a human resource. |
(g) Recycling of resource and innovation of resource.
Ans: The differences between recycling of resource and innovation of resource are:
| SL No. | Basis of difference | Recycling of resource | Innovation of resource |
| (i) | Meaning | The process by which wastes of natural and man-made- resources are broken down and then reconstituted into useful materials. | The process by which resources are produced as a result of extensive research and a lot of field study leading to the conversion of natural resources into highly useful items. |
| (ii) | Examples | Used water, factory wastes, scrap, worn out tyres, waste paper etc. | The use of rain harvesting method to store water for various domestic purposes is a type of innovation. |
20. Choose the correct answer:
(a) Which of the following is man-made resource?
(i) Rivers.
(ii) Mineral oil.
(iii) Irrigation canal.
(iv) Forest.
Ans. (iii) Irrigation canal.
(b) Which one of the following is abiotic resource?
(i) Air.
(ii) Plants.
(iii) Animals.
(iv) Fungus.
Ans: (i) Air.
(c) Which one of the following is non-renewable resource?
(i) Air.
(ii) Water.
(iii) Crops.
(iv) Coal.
Ans: (iv) Coal.
(d) Which one of the following animals is about to be extinct?
(i) One-horned rhino.
(ii) Pigmy hog.
(iii) Giraffe.
(iv) Gayal (Mithun).
Ans: (ii) Pigmy hog.
(e) The organization IUCN is under which of the following organizations?
(i) UNESCO.
(ii) UNDP.
(iii) WWF.
(iv) UNEP.
Ans: (i) UNESCO.
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