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Class 10 Geography Chapter 3 Notes Concept of Region and Regional Geography of the World
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Concept of Region and Regional Geography of the World
TEXTUAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWER
1. What do you mean by a region? Explain the importance of region in geographical study.
Ans: A part of the earth’s surface which is characterized or marked by certain noticeable natural or man made features making it distinguishable from its surrounding areas are known as a region.
The importance of region in geographical study is to study the surface of the earth. But, this is really very difficult as the earth’s surface is very extensive and diverse. However, this task become much easier when we divide the whole earth into certain regions and study them one by one. In this respect, demarcation of a region has assumed great importance.
2. Explain how a region can be identified on the earth’s surface.
Ans: A region can be identified on the earth’s surface in two different ways:
(i) On the basis of homogeneity of geographical elements: A natural region is identified on the basis of homogeneity among the physical elements like soil, climate, vegetation, etc. The monsoon reason is a natural region. There exist significant similarities among the elements like climate, soil and vegetation belonging to its reason. On the basis of similarities the Brahmaputra valley of Assam can be considered as a small natural region. Sometimes based on only one element also a region can be determined, for example- Linguistic region. A part of the world where similar languages spoken and part which can be named as linguistic region after the name of the language the Hindi linguistic region, Assamese linguistic region, Bodo linguistic region, Bengali Linguistic region, etc are homogenous regions.
(ii) On the basis of functional interrelationships: Such region is determined based on functional relationship among the different elements. Generally, a functional region is identified centre in around a town or market centre. Every town or market centres has its own region whose functional activities are mainly directed by centre in the concerned town. The surrounding region is functionally interlink through interdependent activities with the town or market. In this way, the boundary of the region is linked with the town can be easily determined. For example- the reason around the city Guwahati is closely linked with many small and large towns and market centres. It is notable that there is also exchange of various services, commodities and languages among the functional region. In this way innumerable functional region covers the whole Earth like a net.
3. Bring out the differences between the homogenous region and the functional region.
Ans:
| Homogenous region | Functional region |
| (i) It is a region having similarities of the selected elements. | (i) It is a region whose socioeconomic activities are linked to a common town, market, etc. |
| (ii) It is based on homogeneity of elements. | (ii) It is based on functional interrelationship of elements. |
| (iii) There is distinct similarities of the chosen elements over the entire region. | (iii) The internal elements of the region are not similar. |
| (iv) Different parts of the region are not interdependent. | (iv) The town and its surrounding regions are interdependent. |
| (v) Examples of homogenous region are- The Brahmaputra valley, the Amazon basin, the equatorial region, etc | (v) Examples of functional regions are the region around the cities of Guwahati, Kolkata, Delhi etc. |
4. What do you mean by regional geography of the world? What is the importance of this study?
Ans: The branch of geography which studies the natural and man-made characteristics of a region is known as regional geography.
The importance of the study of regional geography are:
(i) The study of regional geography helps us to understand why certain regions lag behind in development.
(ii) Such study gives an overall picture of the whole region.
(iii) It helps us to understand the nature of geographical relationship that exists between the concerned region and its neighbouring regions.
(iv) The study helps us to undertake proper developmental plans for the various regions of a country.
(v) Regional geography gives us an idea about spatial variation within a region.
5. What do you mean by ‘natural region’? Into how many natural regions, the whole earth can be divided? Write their names and show in the map
Ans: The parts of the earth’s surface which have almost similar relief, climate, natural vegetation and soil characteristics are together known as ‘natural region’..
The whole earth can be divided into the following eleven natural region:
(i) Equatorial Region.
(ii) Monsoon Region.
(iii) Tropical Grassland Region.
(iv) Tropical Hot Desert Region.
(v) Mediterranean Region.
(vi) Mid-Latitude Desert Region.
(vii) Mid-Latitude Temperate Region.
(viii) Mid-Latitude Grassland Region.
(ix) Cold Coniferous Forest Region.
(x) Cold Polar Region.
(xi) High Mountain Region.
6. How can the regional geography of the world be understood through the study of natural region? Write in brief.
Ans: Natural region is the parts of the earth’s surface which have almost similar relief, climate, natural vegetation, and soil characteristics etc. The main basis for the division of the earth into natural region is geographical homogeneity. One of the most important advantages of the study of natural region is that it helps in understanding the regional geography in a better way. Example – The Coastal Californian region has Mediterranean climate which is normally found in the region surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. So, the climatic condition, the economic occupation, the vegetation of California can be understood well when we look at it from the angle of natural regions.
7. Write about the physical environment of each of the natural regions of the world.
Ans: The physical environment of each of the natural regions of the world are:
(i) Equatorial Region: The climate of this region is hot and wet. It experiences heavy rainfall of 200 cm. The region is covered by dense forest. Due to vertical sun rays the temperature difference between day and night, and summer and winter is very low.
(ii) Monsoon Region: The climate of the monsoon region is seasonal change– warm and wet summer season, and cold and dry winter season. The temperature difference between summer and winter season is 15⁰C. The annual rainfall of the region is 200 cm. The highlands of the region contain lateritic soil, white fertile alluvial soil is found in the river valleys including the low-lying areas.
(iii) Tropical Grassland Region: The climate of the tropical grassland region is characterized by short warm summer season and long dry winter season. The diurnal and seasonal range of temperature in this region is quite high. The amount of rainfall is moderate i.e. 25 cm to 100 cm.
(iv) Tropical Hot Desert Region: The climate of this region is almost always hot and dry. The difference of day and night temperature is high. At the day time the temperature increases upto 45⁰C during summer. The amount of rainfall is very low i.e. 20 cm to 25cm. Most parts of the region remains covered with sand. Short grass and thorny bushes are found over the large sandy areas.
(v) Mediterranean Region: This region is characterized by hot and dry summer and cold and wet winter. The average annual temperature is 8⁰-25⁰C. The average annual rainfall is 25cm. The vegetation consists of evergreen short trees and shrubs.
(vi) Mid-Latitude Desert Region: The region is surrounded by high mountains on almost all sides. The rainfall is very low and the seasonal and diurnal range of temperature is very high. It experiences little amount of snowfall in the winter season.
(vii) Mid-Latitude Temperate Region: The climate of the coastal areas is of equitable nature. The average annual rainfall varies between 75 cm to 150 cm. The average temperature stands at 15⁰C in summer and 5⁰C–10⁰C in winter. The winter season is very dry in this region Deciduous vegetation is largely found, evergreen vegetation is seen in the areas receiving high rainfall and coniferous vegetation are largely found in hill slopes.
(viii) Mid-Latitude Grassland Region: The amount of rainfall is very low in this region i.e. 15 cm to 50 cm. The seasonal range of temperature is high and winters are severe. The soil of this region is quite fertile and rich in organic matter.
(ix) Cold Coniferous Forest Region: The climate of this region is dry and cold. The average temperature in summer increases upto 15⁰C. Snowfall occurs in this region due to fall in the temperature. Little amount of rainfall is received in summer. Due to the prevalence of cold and dry climate this region is covered with evergreen forest. Due to less rainfall the region is not suitable for agriculture and livestock rearing.
(x) Cold Polar Region: The region is covered with snow for almost whole year. The temperature ranges between 0⁰C and 10⁰C in summer and decreases upto -18⁰C in winter. Heavy snowfall occurs in this region. There is almost no rainfall and no vegetation. Only some grass, miss, fern, etc grow in the areas of this region.
(xi) High Mountainous Region: The temperature of the region decreases with the rise in altitude. It’s high peaks remain always covered with snow. The climate and natural vegetation of the mountainous region also change depending upon the direction of the wind. There is dense forest in the southern slope of the Himalayan ranges as it receives heavy rainfall due to monsoon wind. On the other hand, the northern part of the Himalayas towards Tibetan plateau is devoid of vegetation due to lack of rainfall.
8. Discuss about the climate and vegetation as found in different natural regions of the world.
Ans: The climate and vegetation that are found in different natural regions of the world are:
(i) Equatorial Region:
Climate:
This region experiences hot and wet climate. Due to vertical sun rays, the temperature difference between day and night and summer and winter is very low. The average annual temperature is 27⁰C. The average annual rainfall is 200 cm.
Vegetation:
The entire equatorial region is covered with dense evergreen forest. There are innumerable small shrubs and variety of climbers are found in this region. A kind of dense forests known as Selvas are seen in Amazon river basin. A large variety of crops are also cultivated by the farmers. Rice is the main crop of this region. Rubber, tea and coffee are also cultivated in this region.
(ii) Monsoon Region:
Climate:
The climate of the monsoon region is seasonal change– warm and wet summer season, and cold and dry winter season. The temperature difference between summer and winter season is 15⁰C. The annual rainfall is 200 cm.
Vegetation:
Due to the changes of season, deciduous vegetation is quite high. Trees shed their leaves in winter due to shortage of moisture. Agricultural crops like rice, wheat, sugarcane, cotton, jute, oilseeds, tea, etc are cultivated in this region.
(iii) Tropical Grassland Region:
Climate:
The climate of the tropical grassland region is characterized by short warm summer season and long dry winter season. The diurnal and seasonal range of temperature in this region is quite high. The amount of rainfall is moderate i.e. 25 cm to 100 cm.
Vegetation:
Due to less rainfall the grass variety plants with height upto 3m. The grassland of the tropical region is known as Savannah. Locally it is called Llanos in Venezuela and Campos in Brazil. The agricultural crops like jowar, cotton, groundnut, etc are also cultivated in this region.
(iv) Tropical Hot Desert Region:
Climate:
The climate of this region is almost always hot and dry. The difference of day and night temperature is high. At the day time the temperature increases upto 45⁰C during summer. The amount of rainfall is very low i.e. 20 cm to 25cm.
Vegetation:
Due to less rain only short grass and thorny bushes are found. Apart from the growth of date palm, variety of plants, some amount of cultivation is seen in the scattered patches of oasis in the desert.
(v) Mediterranean Region:
Climate:
Mediterranean region is characterized by hot and dry summer and cold and wet winter. The average annual temperature is 8⁰-25⁰C. The average annual rainfall is 25cm.
Vegetation:
The natural vegetation mostly consists of evergreen short trees and shrubs. Crops like wheat, barley, maize, cotton, tobacco, etc are mainly cultivated in the plains of this region. A variety of fruits including grapes and apples are cultivated on the hill slopes of this region.
(vi) Mid-Latitude Desert Region:
Climate:
The region is surrounded by high mountains on almost all sides. The rainfall is very low and the seasonal and diurnal range of temperature is very high. It experiences little amount of snowfall in the winter season.
Vegetation:
Due to very less rainfall some small shrubs and thorny buses are hardly seen in the region. Small amount of agriculture has been made possible in the river valleys of the reason through irrigation.
(vii) Mid-Latitude Temperate Region:
Climate:
The climate of the coastal areas is of equitable nature. The average annual rainfall varies between 75 cm to 150 cm. The rainfall decreases with the increase in the distance from the sea. The average temperature stands at 15⁰C in summer and 5⁰C–10⁰C in winter. The winter season is very dry in this region.
Vegetation:
Different types of natural vegetation are seen to grow in this region due to variation in the occurrence of rainfall. Deciduous vegetation is largely found in this region. Evergreen vegetation is seen in the areas receiving considerably higher rainfall and coniferous vegetation largely in the hill slopes. The forest of this region are not very dense. Agricultural practices are done through modern techniques in most parts of the temperate natural region. Crops like cotton, barley, tobacco and potato etc are produced in this region. Sugarcane is also a cultivated in the eastern coastal region of South Africa. Livestock rearing is done in many areas of Western Europe.
(viii) Mid-Latitude Grassland Region:
Climate:
The amount of rainfall is very low in this region. The average annual rainfall is 15 cm to 50 cm. The seasonal range of temperature is high.
Vegetation:
Due to shortage of rainfall and severity of cold the vegetation cover is almost absent in this region. Livestock rearing is the main economic activity for livelihood. The large scale agriculture production is done in such grassland region of the United States, Canada, Argentina, Australia and Russia. The main crop of this region is wheat.
| S.L. NO. | CONTENTS |
| Chapter – 1 | Physical Geography |
| Chapter – 2 | Environmental Geography |
| Chapter – 3 | Concept Of Region And Regional Geography Of The World |
| Chapter – 4 | Regional Geography Of U.S.A |
| Chapter – 5 | Regional Geography Of Japan |
| Chapter – 6 | Regional Geography Of India |
| Chapter – 7 | Practical Geography |
| Chapter – 8 | Map Scale |
(ix) Cold Coniferous Forest Region:
Climate:
The climate of this region is dry and cold. The average temperature in summer increases upto 15⁰C. Snowfall occurs in this region due to fall in the temperature. Little amount of rainfall is received in summer.
Vegetation:
Due to the prevalence of cold and dry climate this region is covered with evergreen coniferous forests. Such types of soft-wood forestland being covered with coniferous trees is known as Taiga.
(x) Cold Polar Region:
Climate:
The region is covered with snow for almost whole year. The temperature ranges between 0⁰C and 10⁰C in summer and decreases upto -18⁰C in winter. Heavy snowfall occurs in this region.
Vegetation:
There is almost no rainfall and no vegetation. Only some grass, miss, fern, etc grow in the areas of this region.
(xi) High Mountainous Region:
Climate:
The temperature the region decreases with the rise in altitude. It’s high peaks remain always covered with snow. The climate and natural vegetation of the mountainous region also change depending upon the direction of wind.
Vegetation:
There is growth of dense forest in the southern slopes of the Himalayan ranges as it receives heavy rainfall due to monsoon wind. The northern part of the Himalayas towards Tibetan plateau is devoid of vegetation due to lack of rainfall. Different types of climate and natural vegetation are seen within a very small distance.
9. Give a description of the lifestyle of the people living in different natural region of the world.
Ans: The lifestyle of the people living in different natural regions are not same due to variations in climate, soil, topography, location, distance from the sea, altitude etc. The main economic activities found in different natural reasons of the world are:
(i) Equatorial Region: The main areas falls under the equatorial reasons are the Amazon river basin of South America, Congo river basin of Africa, Guinea Coast of west Africa, and the Malaysian Peninsula and Indonesian and Philippines Islands of south-east Asia are included in the equatorial region. The people of both Amazon and Congo basin have their living through hunting, fishing and gethering food from the forest. Due to dense forest and lack of transport and communication agriculture and human settlement have not developed. Malaysia and Indonesia belong to the natural reason have made a lot of progress in agriculture, particularly in plantation agriculture such as coffee tea and rubber.
(ii) Monsoon Region: The monsoon region extend up to tropical and sub-tropical latitudes. South Asia including India, south-east Asia, north eastern part of Australia, eastern part of Africa, eastern part of Brazil, central America, etc.falls under the monsoon natural region. Agriculture l is the primary occupation of the people of monsoon region. Main crops of the people of this region is rice, the other crops like wheat, sugarcane, cotton, jute, oil seeds, etc are cultivated in this region.
(iii) Tropical Grassland Region: This areas includes the regions of South America, Africa that lie between 10⁰ to 25⁰ latitudes, mostly consists of grasslands which are generally called Savannah. They are also known by different names in different countries. For example- the Venezuela and Brazil are called Llanos and Campos respectively. Primitive people in the region are mostly engaged in animal rearing and hunting. Cultivation of crops such as jowar, cotton, groundnut, etc. is done on a small-scale in some parts. The human habitation is quite thin in this region. Due to lack of sufficient transport and communication facilities, this region lack behind in economic and social development.
(iv) Tropical Hot Desert Region: The desert of Arabia, Iran, Afghanistan, Indian Thar desert of Asia, Sahara and Kalahari of Africa, Atacama of South America, Great desert of Australia, etc fall under the tropical hot desert region. Most of the areas of this desert region are uninhabited. Some areas are only inhabited by monads pastoral. The Bushmen of Kalahari desert, the aborigines of Great desert of Australia make their living by gathering food from nature and hunting wild animals. Bedouins of Sahara and Arabia are the main groups of people living in this region. Most people of the region are making their livelihood by rearing of camel, horse, sheep, goat, etc. The valley and delta region of the Nile river have make progress in agriculture through irrigation.
(v) Mediterranean region: The Mediterranean region is largely found in the neighbouring areas of the Mediterranean Sea including southern Europe, south- western Asia, northern Africa, coastal California of North America, central Chile of South America, Cape coast of South Africa, south-west coast of Australia, etc. The main occupation of the people of the Mediterranean region is agriculture. The crops cultivated in the region include wheat, barley, maize, cotton, tobacco, etc. These crops are cultivated depending on winter rainfall and irrigation facility. This area is famous for the cultivation of several fruit trees such as grapes, apples, etc. This has helped the development of fruit-based industries on a large-scale, which includes the world famous wine production.
(vi) Mid-Latitude Desert Region: The Tibetan plateau and Gobi desert mainly belong to this mid-latitude desert zone. The basins surrounded by the Rocky mountain ranges of North America and the Patagonia plateau lie in the east of Andes mountain ranges of South America belong to this region. Some pastoral nomadic groups of people largely inhabit the Tibetan and Patagonia plateau and some parts of Gobi desert. They moves from place to place in search of food for animals, they do not have permanent settlement. Small amount of agriculture is practiced in the river valleys of the region through irrigation.
(vii) Mid-Latitude Temperate Region: The region covers a large part of the northern and eastern part of China, some portion of southern Canada and England this natural region also mainly include north-western part of the Europe, south-eastern part of Brazil, part of Chile, eastern coast of South Africa eastern coast of Australia and New Zealand. Agricultural practises are done through modern techniques in most part of the temperate natural region. Crops like cotton, barley, tobacco, potato, rice, wheat, sugarcane etc are cultivated here. Industrial activities have also develop due to the availability of mineral resources. The whole region is industrially advanced.
(viii) Mid-Latitude grassland region: The areas like the central part of the North America, eastern part of Europe, central part of Asia, Argentina, some part of South Africa and some part of Australia fall in this region. Grasslands in this region are known by different names such grassland region are known as Steppes in Asia and Europe Prairies in North America, Pampas in Argentina of South America, Veld in the South Africa and downs in Australia. Livestock rearing is the main economic activities here. A large-scale agriculture is done in the grassland of the United States, Canada, Argentina, Australia and Russia. Wheat is cultivated in many parts of the region.
(ix) Cold Coniferous Forest Region: The region is spread from Scandinavia of Europe to the Pacific coast in the east and from Alaska of North America to the Atlantic coast in the east. This region is not suitable for agriculture and livestock rearing. Most of the people of this region earn their livelihood by animal hunting and wood collection. The European countries like Norway, Finland, Sweden, etc.are famous in pulp and the paper produced from it. After discovery of various minerals in Canada Alaska and Siberia a number of industrial centre have developed. A little agriculture and sheep rearing is now practiced in the southern part of the Taiga region.
(x) Cold Polar Region: The areas around the poles including parts of Asia, Europe, North America, Greenland and Antarctica fall under the cold polar region. This is mostly inhabited by aborigines called Eskimos and Lapps. They live in igloo in the winter season and in summer they take shelter in a tent made of hide known as Tupik. They do fishing and animal hunting using boats name Kayak and Umiyak made of animal skin. The sledge vehicle pulled by reindeer is the most important means of transport among these people. Nowadays they started living in permanently built wooden houses having modern facilities, for catching fish and animal hunting they use modern tools.
(xi) High Mountainous Region: This region including the mountain ranges of the Himalayas, the Alps, the Rockies and the Andes. This region is thinly populated. Livestock rearing and lumbering are the main occupation of the people. Cultivation is done only in the river valley. The tribal people living in these hill regions practice shifting cultivation or jhum cultivation. Many places of mountain region have grown as hill station, tourist centre and health resort centres.
10. How many and what are the continents in the world? Give a brief geographical introduction of each of the continents.
Ans: There are seven continents in the world. Among the world’s seven continents, the snow covered Antarctica, which is centering around the south pole, does not have any permanent human settlements.
The remaining six continents is the are: Asia, Africa, Europe, North America, South America and Oceania.
Brief geographical introduction of each of the continents are:
(i) Asia: Asia is the largest continent in the world. Its geographical area covers 44.4 million km² constitute about about 30% of the earth’s land surface area. Asia is mainly located in the northern hemisphere. It is spread from 1⁰north latitude in the south to 78⁰ north latitude in the north and from 25⁰ east longitude in the west to 170⁰ north longitude in the east. Asia is surrounded by the Northern Ocean in the north, Bering strait and the Pacific Ocean in the east, Indian Ocean in the south and Red Sea, Suez canal, Mediterranean Sea, Caucasus Mountains, Caspian Sea, Ural River and Ural Mountain Ranges in the west. This continent is about 8,400 km in north-south direction and about 9600 km in east-west direction. The length of its coastline is about 58,000 kms. It is also the world’s most populous continent, with roughly 60 percent of the total population. Asia makes up the eastern portion of the Eurasian supercontinent; Europe occupies the western portion.
(ii) Africa: Africa is the second largest continent of the world. It covers an area of about 30 million km² the continent of Africa covers about 20% of the world’s total land area. The continent is located between 37⁰ north latitude in the north to 34⁰ latitude south latitude in the south and 51⁰ east longitude in the east to 17⁰ west longitude in the west. It is surrounded by the Mediterranean sea in the north, the Southern Ocean in the south, the Indian Ocean in the east and the Atlantic Ocean in the west. Its length of the coastline is about 30 thousand km with an area of 2.5 million km². Sudan is the largest country of the continent of Africa. Africa does not have high mountain ranges like that of the Himalayas in Asia and the Andes in South Africa. Small highlands scattered throughout the continent have made its topography rugged.
(iii) Europe: The continent of Europe is situated along the north-eastern boundary of Asia. It is completely located in the Northern hemisphere. This continent spread from 36⁰ north latitude to the south 71⁰ north latitude in the north and 10⁰ west longitude in the west to 65⁰ east longitude in the East. It’s geographical area is 10.9 million km² that is 7.3% of world’s land area and three times the land area of India Europe. It is surrounded by the continent of Asia on the east, the Atlantic ocean in the west, the Northern Ocean in the north and the Mediterranean Sea, Caspian Sea and Black Sea in the south. Europe is surrounded by oceans and seas from three sides. The coastline length of its mainland is 38000 km. World’s largest country Russia is located in the continent of Europe. The total number of independence countries of Europe is 44.
(iv) North America: North America is the third largest continent of the world. It’s land area is 24.3 million km² that is 16.3% of the world’s land area. Africa is located in the northern hemisphere, it is known as North America. The continent is spread from 7⁰ north latitude in the south to 83⁰ north latitude in the north and 50⁰ west longitude. North America is 4960 km from east to west and 9600 km from north to south. It spread from the cold north polar region to the hot equatorial region. It is surrounded by the Northern Ocean in the north. South America, Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean in the south, the Atlantic Ocean in the east and the Bering Sea, Bering Strait and Pacific Ocean in the west.
(v) South America: The continent of South America is located on the south of North America. It spreads from 12⁰ North latitude in the north to 55⁰ South latitude in the south and 35⁰ West longitude in the east to 81⁰ West longitude in the west. Its length is about 7500 km from north to south and about 5100 km from east to west. The total geographical area of the continent is about 18 million km² that is 12.2% of the world’s land area. South Africa is surrounded by North America, Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean on the north, Southern Ocean on the south, Pacific Ocean on the west and Atlantic Ocean on the east. With an area of 8.54 million km² (47% of the continent) Brazil is the largest country of the continent and fifth largest in the world.
(vi) Oceania: Oceania is formed by the great Islands of Australia and many other Islands of varying size located in the south-west Pacific Ocean including New Zealand, Tasmania, New Guinea etc. It spreads form 0⁰ equator on the north to 48⁰ South latitude on the south and 113⁰ East longitude on the west to 180⁰ longitude on the east. It covers an area of 7.7 million km² Australia is the largest country of Oceania and the sixth largest country in the world. Its length of the coastline is about 10000 km. The total land area of Oceania consisting of Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania, New Guinea and many other islands is about 9 million km². Oceania is the world’s smallest continent. It is surrounded by Java-Sumatra-Celebes islands of the South-East Asia and Pacific Ocean on the north, Southern Ocean and Atlantic Ocean on the south, the Pacific Ocean on the east and the Indian Ocean on the west.
11. Which is the largest continent in the world? Write briefly about the physiographic character of the continent.
Ans: Asia is the largest continent in the world.
The physiographic character of the continent of Asia are: The continent of Asia is covered with high mountain ranges, plateaus, rivers, valleys, low lands, coastal plains, islands, desert etc. The central part is full of mountains and plateaus. Among the mountain ranges, the north-south Ural mountain ranges running along the western boundary of the continent. The world’s largest running Himalayan mountain ranges and the offshoots in the middle, Karakoram mountain ranges, Aravali mountain, etc lie here. The world’s largest peak Everest (8848 m) belonging to the Himalayan mountain system and the second highest peak Godwin Austin or Mount K2 (8611m) belonging to the Karakoram mountain system lie in Asia. The plateaus, the Tibetan plateau, the world’s highest Pamir plateau, Siberian plateau, Mongolian plateau, Deccan plateau, Iranian plateau etc are important.
Many large rivers being originated from such highland region flow to the oceans and seas in north, south and east direction and have formed a number of fertile plains and deltas. The Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra river plain of South Central Asia, Ob, Yenisei and Lena river plain in the Northern part. Amur, Hwang-ho, Yangtze, Si Kiang and Mekong river plain in the eastern part and Mahanadi, Krishna, Kaveri etc falls in this continent. The oceans and seas along the north-east and southern boundaries of the continent have also formed a number of coastal plains. The islands of Asia being located in the Pacific Ocean, Japan, Taiwan, Philippines, Java, etc are worth mentioning. The desert like Gobi, Thar and Arabia are also located in Asia.
12. Which is the most populous continent in the world? Write in brief about the population and economic characteristics of that continent.
Ans: Asia is the most populous continent of the world.
The population of Asia is about 401 crores as per estimated for the year 2007. Three-fifth of the world’s population live in Asia. Due to variation in physiographic characteristics its population distribution is also very uneven. About three-fourth of its population live in south, south-east and eastern tropical and subtropical monsoon region. For instance 61% of the total population of 49 countries of Asia is concerned only in two countries China and India. Tokyo the capital city of Japan with 34 million population is the largest city not only in Asia but also in the whole world. About 41% of the people of Asia are urban dwellers. It’s average per capita gross national income is US dollar 6630.
The continent of Asia is rich in natural resources. Among the natural resources forest, agriculture and mineral resources are worth mentioning. The economy of the continent of Asia is still mainly dependent on agriculture. The main crops are rice, sugarcane, wheat, tobacco, cotton, rubber, coffee etc. The major mineral resources of Asia are petroleum of Saudi Arabia and other parts of south-west Asia. India, Myanmar, Indonesia, China and Siberia coal and natural gas of India, Myanmar, China and Siberia iron ore of India, China Siberia, Indonesia and Philippines and manganese of India and Siberia are worth mentioning.
13. Mention the geographical characteristics of the continent of Europe.
Ans: The continent of Europe is situated along the north-eastern boundary of Asia. It is completely located in the Northern hemisphere. This continent spread from 36⁰ north latitude to the south 71⁰ north latitude in the north and 10⁰ west longitude in the west to 65⁰ east longitude in the East. It’s geographical area is 10.9 million km² that is 7.3% of world’s land area and three times the land area of India Europe. It is surrounded by the continent of Asia on the east, the Atlantic ocean in the west, the Northern Ocean in the north and the Mediterranean Sea, Caspian Sea and Black Sea in the south. Europe is surrounded by oceans and seas from three sides. The coastline length of its mainland is 38000 km. World’s largest country Russia is located in the continent of Europe. The total number of independence countries of Europe is 44.
14. Write briefly about the topography and mineral resources of the continent of North America.
Ans: North America is the third largest continent in the world. It has total geographical area of 24.3 million km² which constitute about 16.3% of the world’s total land area. Physically North America is highly diverse in character. It’s highest place is Mckinle peak and lowest place is Death Valley. On the basis of physical character North America can be divided into for divisions- i) Rocky mountainous region, ii) Great upland plain region, iii) Appalachian highland region, and iv) Coastal plain region. The Rocky mountainous reason consisting of the lofty young folded mountain ranges is located in the western part of North America from Alaska to Mexico in north-south direction. This region consists of many mountain ranges like Brooks range, Alaska mountain system, Coast range, Cascade etc. A wide area located on the east of Rocky mountain region and west of Appalachian highlands and stretching from North part of Canada to the gulf of Mexico is known as great plan. It consist of plateaus and fertile plans. The certain part of the reason is converted into fertile levelled by the great rivers like Mississippi, Missouri etc. The region is highly advanced in mineral and economic development. The plain land of the Atlantic Ocean coast located on the east of Appalachian highlands and stretching from Nova Scotia in the north to Panama in the south is called the coastal plain region.
North America is very rich in mineral resources. There is large scale production of crop like wheat, maize, Barley etc in the North America. Cotton cultivation is done in the flat plain of the southern part of USA. Livestock rearing is done in the Rocky mountain region and ship rearing and food production in the West coastal plain region. Apart from the production of mineral resources like iron, nickel, Cobalt etc in the continent, petroleum, coal and natural gas are also produced in large quantities. Coal, petroleum and natural gas are produced in large quantities of Canada, USA and Mexico. North America specially Canada has progressed significantly in production of hydro power.
15. Write in brief about the drainage and vegetation of the continent of South America.
Ans: South America is the fourth largest continent in the world. The rivers of South America are: Orinico, Amazon, Parana, Paraguay and Uruguay and their tributaries have created very large plains almost covering the whole continent.
The vegetation in South America varies with the climate and relief. The Amazon basin in the equatorial region with high temperature and heavy rainfall has evergreen dense equatorial forests. This region is known as the Selvas. The amount of rainfall gradually decreases to the north and south of the equatorial region. This has led to the growth of grasslands in these regions. The grasslands of the Orinoco basin are called Llanos while the grasslands of Paraguay-Parana-Uruguay basin are called Campos, Granchaco and Pampas.
16. Mention the major mountain systems and rivers of the world and show them in the map.
Ans: The major mountain systems of the world are:
(i) The Central mountain ranges of Asia.
(ii) The Alps mountain system of Europe.
(iii) The Rocky mountain system of North America.
(iv) The Andes mountain system South America.
The major rivers of the world are:
The river Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra, Mekong, Hwang-ho, Tigris, Euphrates etc lie in the continent of Asia. Volga, Don, Danube, Rhine, Seine, Ural etc are in the continent of Europe. River Nile, Congo, Orange, Limpopo, Volta, Senegal, Niger, Zambezi etc lie in the continent Africa. Amazon, Orinoco, Uruguay, Paraguay etc are the major rivers of South America. Columbia, Colorado, St lawrence, Mississippi, Mackenzie etc lie in North America. Murray and Darling are the two main rivers of Oceania.
17. Write in brief about the climate and mode of living in the continent of Africa.
Ans: Climate: A large part of the continent of Africa is mainly under tropical climate. Only it’s northern margins experience sub-tropical and temperate climate. The amount of rainfall is very high in the plains and coastal areas of the equator region of the continent. The amount of annual rainfall is even lower than 15 cm in the desert region of Sahara, Kalahari, and Namibia. That is why many areas of Africa are very getting dry.
Mode of living: The continent of Africa is rich in water, forest and mineral resources. The economy of most of its countries is agro-based. About one-third of the total international earning comes from agriculture and its 70% people depend on agriculture. The important agro-based produces include maize, jowar, bajra, rice, sweet potato, groundnut, cotton, coffee, tea, sugarcane, tobacco, banana, etc. Among the mineral resources, petroleum, natural gas, iron, copper, gold, diamond, uranium, etc are worth mentioning. About 37% population of Africa lives in the Urban areas. The average per capita income of Africa is about US dollar 2,550.
18. Which is the smallest continent in the world. Write briefly about the geographical situation of that continent.
Ans: Oceania is the smallest continent in the world. Oceania is formed by the great Islands of Australia and many other Islands of varying size located in the south-west Pacific Ocean including New Zealand, Tasmania, New Guinea etc. It spreads form 0⁰ equator on the north to 48⁰ South latitude on the south and 113⁰ East longitude on the west to 180⁰ longitude on the east. It covers an area of 7.7 million km² Australia is the largest country of Oceania and the sixth largest country in the world. Its length of the coastline is about 10000 km. The total land area of Oceania consisting of Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania, New Guinea and many other islands is about 9 million km². Oceania is the world’s smallest continent. It is surrounded by Java-Sumatra-Celebes islands of the South-East Asia and Pacific Ocean on the north, Southern Ocean and Atlantic Ocean on the south, the Pacific Ocean on the east and the Indian Ocean on the west.
19. Write short notes:
(a) Major Grassland regions of the world
Ans: The grassland of the world are found in two natural regions.
They are:
(i) Tropical grassland region. and
(ii) The Mid-Latitude grassland region.
(i) Tropical grassland region: The climate of the tropical grassland region is characterized by short warm summer season and long dry winter season. The diurnal and seasonal range of temperature in this region is quite high. The amount of rainfall is moderate i.e. 25 cm to 100 cm. Due to low rainfall the vegetation is grass variety plants with height upto 3m. Crops like jowar, cotton, groundnut etc are cultivated in this region.
(ii) Mid-Latitude grassland region: The amount of rainfall is very low in this region i.e. 15 cm to 50 cm. The seasonal range of temperature is high and winters are severe. The soil of this region is quite fertile and rich in organic matter. The areas like the central part of the North America, eastern part of Europe, central part of Asia, Argentina, some part of South Africa and some part of Australia fall in this region. Grasslands in this region are known by different names such grassland region are known as Steppes in Asia and Europe Prairies in North America, Pampas in Argentina of South America, Veld in the South Africa and downs in Australia. Livestock rearing is the main economic activities here. A large-scale agriculture is done in the grassland of the United States, Canada, Argentina, Australia and Russia. Wheat is cultivated in many parts of the region.
(b) Equatorial natural region.
Ans: The main areas falls under the equatorial reasons are the Amazon river basin of South America, Congo river basin of Africa, Guinea Coast of west Africa, and the Malaysian Peninsula and Indonesian and Philippines Islands of south-east Asia are included in the equatorial region. The people of both Amazon and Congo basin have their living through hunting, fishing and gathering food from the forest. Due to dense forest and lack of transport and communication agriculture and human settlement have not developed. Malaysia and Indonesia belong to the natural reason have made a lot of progress in agriculture, particularly in plantation agriculture such as coffee tea and rubber.
(c) Mediterranean natural region.
Ans: The Mediterranean region is largely found in the neighbouring areas of the Mediterranean Sea including southern Europe, south- western Asia, northern Africa, coastal California of North America, central Chile of South America, Cape coast of South Africa, south-west coast of Australia, etc. The main occupation of the people of the Mediterranean region is agriculture. The crops cultivated in the region include wheat, barley, maize, cotton, tobacco, etc. These crops are cultivated depending on winter rainfall and irrigation facility. This area is famous for the cultivation of several fruit trees such as grapes, apples, etc. This has helped the development of fruit-based industries on a large-scale, which includes the world famous wine production.
(d) Monsoon Region.
Ans: The monsoon region extend up to tropical and sub-tropical latitudes. South Asia including India, south-east Asia, north eastern part of Australia, eastern part of Africa, eastern part of Brazil, central America, etc.falls under the monsoon natural region. Agriculture l is the primary occupation of the people of monsoon region. Main crops of the people of this region is rice, the other crops like wheat, sugarcane, cotton, jute, oil seeds, etc are cultivated in this region.
(e) Topography and climate of Asia.
Ans: Asia is the largest continent in the world. Its geographical area covers 44.4 million km² constitute about about 30% of the earth’s land surface area. Asia is mainly located in the northern hemisphere. It is spread from 1⁰ north latitude in the south to 78⁰ north latitude in the north and from 25⁰ east longitude in the west to 170⁰ north longitude in the east. Asia is surrounded by the Northern Ocean in the north, Bering strait and the Pacific Ocean in the east, Indian Ocean in the south and Red Sea, Suez canal, Mediterranean Sea, Caucasus Mountains, Caspian Sea, Ural River and Ural Mountain Ranges in the west. This continent is about 8,400 km in north-south direction and about 9600 km in east-west direction. The length of its coastline is about 58,000 kms. It is also the world’s most populous continent, with roughly 60 percent of the total population.
Asia makes up the eastern portion of the Eurasian supercontinent; Europe occupies the western portion.The continent is covered with high mountain ranges, plateaus, rivers, valleys, low lands, coastal plains, islands, desert etc. The central part is full of mountains and plateaus. The world’s largest running Himalayan mountain ranges and the offshoots in the middle, Karakoram mountain ranges, Aravali mountain, etc lie here. The world’s largest peak Everest (8848 m) belonging to the Himalayan mountain system and the second highest peak Godwin Austin or Mount K2 (8611m) belonging to the Karakoram mountain system lie in Asia. The plateaus, the Tibetan plateau, the world’s highest Pamir plateau, Siberian plateau, Mongolian plateau, Deccan plateau, Iranian plateau etc are important. Many large rivers being originated from such highland region flow to the oceans and seas in north, south and east direction and have formed a number of fertile plains and deltas.
(f) Tundra region.
Ans: The region is covered with snow for almost whole year. The temperature ranges between 0⁰C and 10⁰C in summer and decreases upto -18⁰C in winter. Heavy snowfall occurs in this region. There is almost no rainfall and no vegetation. Only some grass, miss, fern, etc grow in the areas of this region. The areas around the poles including parts of Asia, Europe, North America, Greenland and Antarctica fall under the cold polar region. This is mostly inhabited by aborigines called Eskimos and Lapps. They live in igloo in the winter season and in summer they take shelter in a tent made of hide known as Tupik. They do fishing and animal hunting using boats name Kayak and Umiyak made of animal skin. The sledge vehicle pulled by reindeer is the most important means of transport among these people. Nowadays they started living in permanently built wooden houses having modern facilities, for catching fish and animal hunting they use modern tools.
(g) World population and it’s distribution.
Ans: World population and its distribution: The total geographical area of the world is 510 million sq. km. Out of this, the land surface area constitutes about 29% (149 million sq. km) while the water bodies constitutes about 71% (361 million sq. km). The world’s total population is over 662 crores as per 2007 estimate. Currently, the total population of world is estimated to be around 7000 million or 7 billion. As per 2007 estimate, the population of Asia is over 401 crores which is 60.50% of the total world population.
Africa has a population of 944 million while the third biggest continent, North America, has a population of 523 million. The population of Europe is around 733 million though it is fifth in size among the continents. On the other hand, South America, fourth in size, has a population of 381 million while the population of Oceania is just 35 million. About 90% of the world’s population lives in the northern hemisphere. Thus, we see that the distribution of world population is quite uneven. This is due to the variations in topography, climate, soil, altitude, distance from the sea, vegetation, etc. Due to variations of different elements of natural environment, the population distribution and man’s ways of living are not the same in different places of the earth.
(h) Tropical grassland region.
Ans: The climate of the tropical grassland region is characterized by short warm summer season and long dry winter season. The diurnal and seasonal range of temperature in this region is quite high. The amount of rainfall is moderate i.e. 25 cm to 100 cm. Due to less rainfall the grass variety plants with height upto 3m. The grassland of the tropical region is known as Savannah. Locally it is called Llanos in Venezuela and Campos in Brazil. The agricultural crops like jowar, cotton, groundnut, etc are also cultivated in this region.The human habitation is quite thin in this region. Due to lack of sufficient transport and communication facilities, this region lack behind in economic and social development.
(i) Tropical hot desert region.
Ans: The climate of this region is almost always hot and dry. The difference of day and night temperature is high. At the day time the temperature increases upto 45⁰C during summer. The amount of rainfall is very low i.e. 20 cm to 25cm. Due to less rain only short grass and thorny bushes are found. Apart from the growth of date palm, variety of plants, some amount of cultivation is seen in the scattered patches of oasis in the desert. The desert of Arabia, Iran, Afghanistan, Indian Thar desert of Asia, Sahara and Kalahari of Africa, Atacama of South America, Great desert of Australia, etc fall under the tropical hot desert region. Most of the areas of this desert region are uninhabited. Some areas are only inhabited by monads pastoral. The Bushmen of Kalahari desert, the aborigines of Great desert of Australia make their living by gathering food from nature and hunting wild animals. Bedouins of Sahara and Arabia are the main groups of people living in this region. Most people of the region are making their livelihood by rearing of camel, horse, sheep, goat, etc. The valley and delta region of the Nile river have make progress in agriculture through irrigation.
(j) Cold coniferous forest region.
Ans: The climate of this region is dry and cold. The average temperature in summer increases upto 15⁰C. Snowfall occurs in this region due to fall in the temperature. Little amount of rainfall is received in summer. Due to the prevalence of cold and dry climate this region is covered with evergreen coniferous forests. Such types of soft-wood forestland being covered with coniferous trees is known as Taiga. The region is spread from Scandinavia of Europe to the Pacific coast in the east and from Alaska of North America to the Atlantic coast in the east. This region is not suitable for agriculture and livestock rearing. Most of the people of this region earn their livelihood by animal hunting and wood collection. The European countries like Norway, Finland, Sweden, etc.are famous in pulp and the paper produced from it. After discovery of various minerals in Canada Alaska and Siberia a number of industrial centre have developed. A little agriculture and sheep rearing is now practiced in the southern part of the Taiga region.
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
A. Answer the following questions in one word or a sentence.
1. What is the total land area of earth’s surface?
Ans: 149 million sq. km.
2. What is the grassland of Australia called?
Ans: Downs.
3. Which is the largest country in the world?
Ans: Russia.
4. Which is the most populated country in the world?
Ans: China.
5. Which is the largest continent in the world?
Ans: Asia.
6. Which is the world’s highest peak?
Ans: Mount Everest.
7. Which is the highest plateau in the world?
Ans: Pamir plateau.
8. Which is the most populated city in the world?
Ans: Tokyo.
9. Which is the coldest place in the world?
Ans: Verkhoyanosk.
10. What is the total population of Asia?
Ans: 401 ( as per 2007 estimate ).
11. What is the total geographical area of Africa?
Ans: 30 million sq. km.
12. Which is the highest peak of Africa?
Ans: Kilimanzaro peak ( 5895m ).
13. What is the density of population of Africa?
Ans: 31 persons per sq. km.
14. How many independent countries are there in Europe?
Ans: 44 countries.
15. What is the total population of Europe?
Ans: 733 million ( as per 2007 estimate ).
16. Which mountain system is found in North America?
Ans: Rocky mountain system.
17. Which is the largest country in South America?
Ans: Brazil.
18. World’s highest lake Titicaca is situated in which continent?
Ans: South America.
19. Which is the second largest country of Oceania?
Ans: Papua New Guinea.
20. Which is the smallest country in the world?
Ans: Vatican City.
B. Fill in the blanks:
1. Highest peak of the Alps is ____.
Ans: Mount Blanc.
2. ____ is the coldest place in the world.
Ans: Verkhoyansk.
3. The grassland of tropical regions are called _____.
Ans: Savannah.
4. The natural region that gets rainfall mostly in winter is ____.
Ans: Mediterranean region.
5. 40% of world’s population lives in the ____.
Ans: Monsoon Region.
6. The summer tent used by Eskimos are called ____.
Ans: Tupik.
7. The third largest continent is ____.
Ans: North America.
8. The percentage of world population living in the northern hemisphere is ____.
Ans: 90%.
9. The second highest peak of the world is ____.
Ans: Godwin Austin ( Mt. K2 ).
10. The largest city of South America is ____.
Ans: Sao Paulo.
11. The largest city of Australia is ____.
Ans: Sydney.
12. A kind of dense forests known as Selvas are seen in the ____.
Ans: Amazon river basin.
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